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Present Situation and its Future Potential of Cassava Production and Utilization in Thailand

Present Situation and its Future Potential of Cassava Production and Utilization in Thailand. Watana Watananonta Senior Expert on Field Crops Department of Agriculture. Cassava growing area: 1. The eastern region 2. The Northeast region 3. The central region.

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Present Situation and its Future Potential of Cassava Production and Utilization in Thailand

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  1. Present Situation and its Future Potential of Cassava Production and Utilization in Thailand Watana Watananonta Senior Expert on Field Crops Department of Agriculture

  2. Cassava growing area: 1. The eastern region 2. The Northeast region 3. The central region

  3. Figure 1. Cassava harvested area, production and yield in Thailand from 1961 to 2005. Source: FAOSTAT, 2006.

  4. ) ) ) 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 million tonnes million tonnes million tonnes 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 ( ( ( 6 6 6 6 Pellets Pellets Pellets + + + Chips Chips Chips 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 Cassava products exported Cassava products exported Cassava products exported 2 2 2 2 Starch Starch Starch 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 65 65 65 70 70 70 75 75 75 80 80 80 85 85 85 90 90 90 95 95 95 00 00 00 03 03 03 Year Year Year Figure Figure 2 2 . . Quantities of cassava products exported from Thailand from Quantities of cassava products exported from Thailand from 1966 19 to to 2003 2003 . . Source Source : : Adapted from TTTA, Adapted from TTTA, 2004 2004 , ,

  5. Table 3 Cassava production costs (US$/ha) in Thailand in 1990/2000 Ave. Ave. all farmers advanced farmers 1. Labor cost ($/ha) 168.48 167.18 2. Other costs($/ha) 125.65 198.73 3. Total variable costs($/ha) 294.16 365.91 4. Total Production Costs 341.70 414.80 Yield (t/ha) 16.52 23.40 Root price ($/t fresh roots) 21.62 21.62 Gross income ($/ha) 357.16 505.91 Net income ($/ha) 15.46 91.11 Production costs 20.68 17.71 ($/t fresh roots) 1 US$ = 37 baht; cost of labor 120 baht/day Source: TTDI

  6. Table 5. Domestic use of cassava native starch in Thailand in 2003.

  7. Growers Cassava roots Small scale enterpreneur Starch factories Cassava chips Cassava starch Local consumption Modification Local consumption Pellet companies (Pelletization) Modified starch Pellets Traders Local consumption Export market Export market Figure 3 Marketing structure of cassava in Thailand.

  8. 2500 2500 2000 2000 1500 1500 Cassava fresh root price (baht/tonne) 1000 1000 500 500 0 0 J M M J S N J M M J M M J S N J S N J M M J S N J M M J M M J S N J M M J M M J S N J S N J S N J M M J S N 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Figure 4. Monthly trend in the price of fresh cassava roots (at 30% starch content) in Nakhon Ratchasima province of Thailand form 1995 to 2003. Source: Thai Tapioca Trade Assoc. (TTTA), 2004.

  9. 500 500 400 400 300 300 Starch and hard pellet price (US$ tonne) 200 200 Starch 100 100 Hard pellets 0 0 J M M J S N J M M J M M J S N J S N J M M J S N J M M J M M J S N J M M J M M J S N J S N J S N J M M J S N 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Figure 5 Monthly trend in the price (FOB Bangkok) of cassava starch and hard pellets from 1995 to 2003. Source: Thai Tapioca Trade Assoc. (TTTA), 2004.

  10. Table 6. Road map for production of cassava to satisfy both domestic and export requirements for cassava chips, pellets, starch and ethanol on Thailand from 2004/05 to 2007/08. Area Yield Production Utilization (mil. tones fresh root equivalent) Year (mil.ha) (t/ha) (mil./ha) Chips Pellets Starch Ethanol 2004/05 0.99 17.1 16.9 6.59 1.01 9.30 0 -1.18 dom. -0 dom. -2.88 dom. -5.41exp. -1.01 exp. -6.42 exp. 2005/06 1.04 18.2 18.9 6.34 1.06 10.86 0.64 -0.69 dom. -0 dom. -4.08 dom. -5.65 exp. -1.06 exp. -6.78 exp. 2006/07 1.05 22.3 23..55 7.55 1.05 12.60 2.20 -1.19 dom. -0 dom. -5.06 dom. -6.36 exp. -1.05 exp. -7.54 exp. 2007/08 1.05 26.2 27.5 8.26 1.04 13.50 4.70 -1.25 dom. -0 dom. -5.41 dom. -7.01 exp. -1.04 exp. -8.09 exp.

  11. Cassava Varietal Improvement Objective: - High root yield/ high starch yield in form of dry matter content - Early harvesting - Adaptation for unfavorable condition - For human consumption - Resistance CBB, brown leaf spot, root rot, red mite and termite - Good plant type suitable for cultural practice and harvesting

  12. collection, introduction hybridization (seed) (seed) seedling selection Figure 1 Flow chart of cassava varietal improvement clonal selection preliminary yield trial standard yield trial regional yield trial farmer’s field yield trial farmer’s field test variety recommendation (cuttings)

  13. Table 7 Background and outstanding characteristics of 12 released cultivars in Thailand (including Rayong 1).

  14. Table 7 Background and outstanding characteristics of 12 released cultivars in Thailand (including Rayong 1). (continous)

  15. Cassava Core Collection from CIAT Preserve as In Vitro at Rayong Field Crops Research Center

  16. Cultural practices - Land preparation - Planting methods, spacing - Planting times and age harvest - Weed control - Cassava stem storage - Fertilization and soil conservation

  17. Pest and diseases Fortunately, Thailand has not experienced any serious pest and diseases infestation in cassava. - Cassava bacteria blight (CBB) - Cassava brown leaf spot, root rot - Red mite, termite, white grub

  18. Farmer participatory research and extension (FPR & FPE) The use of FPR & FPE showed that farmers become more aware of the importance of soil conservation. The most appropriate methods of soil erosion control were selected by farmers and tested their own fields to develop the most suitable practices for their own conditions. It was very effective in developing more suitable varieties and production practices which farmers could readily adopt and then disseminate to after farmers in neighboring communities.

  19. Cassava leaves as animal feed - Protein content 20 - 27% - Harvest every 2-3 months for 1 year could produce dry foliage varied from 4-12 t/ha - Good profile of amino acid as compound with soybean meal and alfalfa hay - Increase the milk thiocyanate content could enhance milk quality and milk storage

  20. Vision and Development Strategy • of Thai Cassava • The whole of fresh root yield go to produce chips and pellets of 50% and to produce starch of 50% • 2. To establish cluster of Thai cassava • Government maintain the high price 1.50 baht/kg of fresh root for farmers • Remain farmers’ income oriented policy • To change using high yield varieties • Short term target yield at 18.75 t/ha medium term at 31 t/ha • Starch export would continue to expand world wide especially in Asia countries • 8. Ethanol production for domestic use

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