Cognitive Psychology Winter 2004 -Discussion Section-

1. Ψ Cognitive Psychology Winter 2004 -Discussion Section-

2. Memory III. Memory for general knowledge

3. Cognitive functions Perception Emotion Motivation Action Attention Memory Memory Imagery Decision-making Reasoning, problem-solving Language

4. Overview (Briefly): 7 sins of memory review Memory for general knowledge. Nickerson & Adams paper Review for midterm (except categorization).

5. Take home from seven sins: A central paper. You should be able to: Transience Absentmindedness Blocking Misattribution Suggestibility Bias Persistence Name them Explain what they are Know empirical evidence of their reality Explain the adaptive system they derive from.

6. Memory for general knowledge Basic distinction: Episodic vs. Semantic. Many differences Endel Tulving Intuitively clear: State, Chicago? Repetition with invariant core Knowing Facts, „Knowledge“ Ate, Breakfast? Recall of Personal experiences

7. Memory for general knowledge Semantic memory models: Hierarchical model Networks, Feature lists, etc. Very 70´s and 80´s style. Inspired by Computer science Feature comparison model ACT model Schemata Scripts Connectionist models, neural networks 90s, Neuroscience inspired Episodic memory models: ?

8. Memory for general knowledge Hierarchical model -Spread of activation -Nodes -Semantic priming -RT based studies -Typicality Semantic network Hierarchical Feature comparison model Memory as a linked feature list Every concept consists of a set of elements (features) There are defining and characteristic features The more defining features, the easier. Explains category size effect (abstractness)

9. Memory for general knowledge ACT theory A central psychological theory Combines working memory, declarative and procedural memory. Nodes, Production rules Conditions, actions Activated production rules create nodes John Anderson

10. Memory for general knowledge Schemata Organized information Contain fixed slots and variable content Questionnaire (template) model of memory Default values Scripts Schema for routine events Restaurant example Allows inferences, leaving things unsaid. Problem: Intrusions.

11. Memory for general knowledge Connectionist models • Parallel processing • Learning (unobserved) • Layers (Input, Processing, Output) • Nodes and Links • Weights • Increasingly popular, powerful • Hard do damage, robust  plausible James McClelland

12. Nickerson & Adams

13. Nickerson & Adams 1 c

14. Nickerson & Adams 1 $ ?

15. Nickerson & Adams Basic points: Familiarity does not guarantee retention. Even if there were literally thousands of presentations of the information. Crucial are importance, which generally leads to the deployment of attention. In the absence of these, memory is poor. People are not necessarily aware of this. Introspection is a bad measure of memory for everyday objects.

16. Nickerson & Adams  Study tip: Try to think that the course material is important and pay attention. Try to care. That way, memory will naturally be much better than if you just read/hear the stuff.

17. Review for midterm: 2nd midterm is on next Wednesday, as scheduled Topics are basically Memory and Categorization No cheating! Try to study on the weekend. Email me for questions QALMRI: As usual, thu night. But it helps to understand Classification. Material from Lecture, Book, Discussion section and papers. Look online for my slides. No screwed up questions this time. (I hope) Don´t panic, it could be worse.

18. Concepts to know • Interference: Proactive vs. Retroactive 1 2 1 2 • Explicitness: Explicit vs. Implicit Bla

19. Modal model of memory: Sensory memory  Short term memory Long term memory Storage Retrieval Information Response Concepts to know Encoding specificity -Context effect -State dependent learning -Cues!

20. LTM Declarative Procedural ...123456789... ...987654321... Visuospatial sketchpad Phonological loop Episodic Semantic Concepts to know Working memory = structured STM Central executive Memory structure Knowing how to... Knowing that... Implicit Explicit Vivid Recall Knowing

21. Encoding Storage Retrieval 7 Concepts to know Basic functions of memory Sins of memory

22. Topics to know

23. Short term memory Coding, Capacity, Retention duration, etc. Serial position effects (primacy, recency, use). Mnemonic strategies: Chunking, rehearsal. Working memory Inferference (Proactive, retroactive) Memory search (serial, exhaustive)

24. Long term memory Coding, Capacity, Retention duration, etc. Levels of processing theory Forgetting: Decay, Interference, Overwriting Encoding specificity: State-dependent learning, Context effects, spacing, cues, mood dependent learning.

25. Autobiographical memory -Flashbulb memory (Vivid, yet not more accurate) -Eyewitness testimony (Constructive, Post hoc) -Repressed memories (Controversial, doubtful) -Amnesia (Symptoms)

26. Network models Highly inspired by Computer Science, Linguistics • Dichotomies: Implicit vs. Explicit memory Declarative vs. Procedural memory Semantic vs. Episodic memory Memory for general knowledge • Models: Hierarchical model ACT model Connectionist model Feature comparison model Scripts Schemata