Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Grammar Reference

1. Upgrade 2 - Unit 5 Grammar Reference Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous

2. Honey, did you pay the bills I asked you to? Unfortunately not! When I arrived at the bank, it had already closed!

3. Past Perfect We use the Past Perfect to talk about an action in the past before another action in the past. It is frequently used to report what someone else said or thought. For example: When I arrived at the station the bus had already left. João told me that he had traveled with his wife.

4. When I arrived at the station, the bus had already left. 1: The bus left. I arrived at the station. 2: I arrived at the station the bus left PAST PRESENT FUTURE

5. AFFIRMATIVE FORM had traveled. I You She It He We You They

6. NEGATIVE FORM had traveled. I not You She It He We You They had not hadn’t

7. INTERROGATIVE FORM Had traveled? I you she it he we you they

8. Past Perfect Continuous It is similar to the Past Perfect Simple. However, the continuous form expresses longer actions before another action in the past. It is also similar to the Present Perfect Continuous. Nevertheless, instead of the time being NOW, the time is the PAST. For example: • I had been waiting in the line for hours until I could finally pay my bills. • I had been waiting for hours, when my wife arrived.

9. I had been waiting for hours when my wife arrived. 1: waiting the wife arrived 2: the wife arrived waiting PAST PRESENT FUTURE

10. AFFIRMATIVE FORM had I been waiting. You She It He We You They

11. NEGATIVE FORM had I not been waiting. You She It He We You They had not hadn’t

12. INTERROGATIVE FORM Had I been waiting? you she it he we you they

13. And you? Had you studied English before you started studying in your current school? How long had you been waiting before this class started?