The Rise of Islam: Formation and Division

1. Agenda • Bell ringer • Review Networks • The Rise of Islam • Closure

2. Review • What is the role of material evidence in conclusions about the spread of ideas? • What does evidence show about the spread of Buddhism and Christianity?

3. Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)

4. Essential learning: Islam(600-1200)

5. Objectives • Describe the Arabian peninsula before Muhammad. • Describe the importance of Mecca. • Describe Muhammad’s role in the founding of Islam. • Describe the beliefs of Islam. • Evaluate how civil war within the umma resulted in the Sunni/Shi’ite division and the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate.

6. Essential Questions • What was the Arabian peninsula like before Muhammad? • What is the significance of Mecca? • What was Muhammad’s role in the founding of Islam? • What are the beliefs of Islam? • How did civil war within the umma resulted in the Sunni/Shi’ite division and the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate?

7. Map 9-1, p. 233

8. Target: Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad • Geography • More farmers than pastoral nomads • Spring monsoon • Fishing and trading communities – southern coast • “Empty Quarter”

9. Caravan trade • Nomads – camels, guides, and safe passage to merchants • Camel saddles. • Arabs learned Sasanidand Byzantine cultures. • Mecca achieved prosperity.

11. Target: Muhammad in Mecca • Major beliefs of Islam (will of god) • Muhammad (b. 570) – prophet of Islam • Monotheistic • Judgment at the end of time

12. 5 Pillars of Faith • 1. Shahada - profession of faith • made people Muslim, one who makes “submission” • 2. Salat – prayer five times a day • 3. Zakat – charity to the poor (almsgiving) • 4. Sawm – fasting during the month of Ramadan • 5. Hajj– pilgrimage to Mecca

13. Target: Formation of the Umma • Mecca’s leaders feared challenge to their power and prosperity • Hijra (622) – Muhammad and followers fled to Medina. • Umma– community defined by acceptance of Islam and of Muhammad as the “Messenger of God”

14. New revelations – framework for regulating social and legal affairs, stirred Muslims to fight against Mecca. • Surrendered in 630.

15. Muhammad stayed in Medina • Visiting Arabian delegations spread Islam. • Mission to spread God’s message = unchallenged control of expanding state.

16. Abu Bakrchosen as Muhammad’s successor (632). • Khalifa (“successor”). English – caliph. • Reestablished and expanded Muslim authority throughout Arabia. • Muhammad’s revelations collected in book = Quran.

17. Ummadisagreed over succession to the caliphate. • Ali, cousin of Muhammad, caliph in 656 after the death of Uthman • Mu’awiya became caliph, then son Yazid. • Beginning of Umayyad Caliphate. • Husayn, brother of Ali’s, revolted in 680. Family killed.

18. Shi’ism • God’s choice as Imam, leader of the Muslim community, has always been one of Ali’s descendants. • Caliphal office is more secular than religious.

19. Sunnis – community should select leadership • Consider the caliphs to be Imams. • Kharijites – from Ali’s followers who hated his acceptance of arbitration.

20. Essential Questions • What was the Arabian peninsula like before Muhammad? • What is the significance of Mecca? • What was Muhammad’s role in the founding of Islam? • What are the beliefs of Islam? • How did civil war within the umma resulted in the Sunni/Shi’ite division and the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate?

21. Agenda • Bell ringer • Review Islam (through umma) • Islam (to

22. Review • What was the Arabian peninsula like before Muhammad? • What is the significance of Mecca? • What was Muhammad’s role in the founding of Islam? • What are the beliefs of Islam? • How did civil war within the umma resulted in the Sunni/Shi’ite division and the foundation of the Umayyad Caliphate?

23. Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)

24. Essential learning: Islam(600-1200)

25. Objectives • Describe Arab conquests by 711. • Identify Umayyad accomplishments and reasons for the fall of the caliphate. • Describe Abbasid accomplishments. • Evaluate the significance of the period of political fragmentation from 850-1050. • Describe the situation of the caliphates from 1050-1258.

26. Essential Questions • How had Arab conquests proceeded by 711? • What accomplishments were made by the Umayyad? Why did the caliphate fall? • What accomplishments were made by the Abbasid? • What occurred during the period of political fragmentation from 850-1050? • What occurred from 1050-1258?

27. Target: Rise and Fall of the Caliphate • Islamic Conquests (634-711) • Umar (r. 634-644)began Arab conquests outside Arabia • Syria, Egypt, Sasanids, Tunisia, Spain, and Sind. • 11th century – India and Anatolia invaded. • Sub-Saharan Africa – trade and conversion.

28. Arabs prohibited from assuming ownership of conquered territory • No evidence of coherent missionary efforts to spread Islam during conquests.

29. Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphates (661-850) • Umayyads ruled from Damascus • Only gradually placed Muslims in office and introduced Arabic in government • Muslim silver and gold coins in 8th century • Fell in 750 • Resentment of Arab domination, Syrian domination of caliphal affairs, secular behavior of caliphs • Shi’ites and Kharijites launched rebellions

30. Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) • Religious law, scholars interpreted Quran, compiled Arabic grammar • Cosmopolitan ruling elite • Somewhat of a golden age • Gradual conversion to Islam accelerated in the 9thcentury.

31. Map 9-2, p. 239

32. Political fragmentation (850-1050) • Abbasid empire too large. • Revolts against Muslim rule. • Mid-ninth century –Islamic community seized territory and formed principalities • Cut flow of taxes to Baghdad, increasing local prosperity.

33. Caliphs purchased Turkic slaves (mamluks), created standing army • Fall of Abbasid in 945

34. Shi’ite Buyid family conquered western Iran and Iraq, commanders ruled own principalities • Buyid princes controlled Abbasid caliph • Hidden Imam • Dynamic growth in outlying provinces

35. Sijilmasa and Tahert on northern fringe of Sahara • First gold/salt trade across Sahara • Ghana earliest known beneficiary • Fatimid dynasty (Shi’ite) in Tunisia (909) • Governed from Cairo, economic power in the Mediterranean

36. Umayyad Spain – distinctive Islamic cultural blending (Roman, Germanic, Jewish, Arab, and Berber traditions) • Rapid conversion • Al-Andalus – Muslim territories in Iberia

37. Assault from Within and Without (1050-1258) • 1030s – Seljuk family established Turkish Muslim state based on nomadic power • Took title sultan • Cities shrank, irrigation suffered, tax revenues fell. • Economic decline by early 12thcentury

38. Crusades had little lasting impact on Islamic lands • Mamluk period– succession of slave-soldier sultans ruled Egypt and Syria until 1517 • Mongol invasions shocked the Muslim world

39. Essential Questions • How had Arab conquests proceeded by 711? • What accomplishments were made by the Umayyad? Why did the caliphate fall? • What accomplishments were made by the Abbasid? • What occurred during the period of political fragmentation from 850-1050? • What occurred from 1050-1258?

40. Agenda

41. Objectives • Evaluate the significance of the Shari’a. • Describe how urbanization and conversion prompted accomplishments. • Evaluate the role of women and slaves in Islamic society. • Describe how migrations of Iranian scholars centered Islam on the madrasa and contributed to the rise of Sufism.

42. Essential Questions • What is the significance of the Shari’a? • How did urbanization and conversion prompt accomplishments? • What was the role of women in Islamic society? Slaves? • How did the migrations of Iranian scholars center Islam on the madrasa and how did they contribute to the rise of Sufism?

43. Target: Islamic Civilization • Law and Dogma • Hadith – words and deeds of Muhammad. • Dealt with ritual matters and legal questions. • Problem – some genuine, some invented. • Evolved into the Shari’a.

44. Converts and Cities • Few could speak Arabic and read the Quran. • Spent time with Muslims, moved to Arab governing centers. • Arab dress and customs spread • Local variations of practice • Expanding consumer market • Advances in medicine, astronomy, algebra

45. p. 248

46. Women and slaves • Women • Secluded, covered when outside home. • Slaves – musicians and dancers. • Many inherited some money or real estate. • Could not initiate divorce. • Could testify in court and go on pilgrimage. • Men feared infidelity and involvement in politics.

47. Muslims, Jews, Christians, or Zoroastrians (People of the Book) could not be enslaved • Exception – prisoner of war. • Steady supply from Africa and Central Asia. • Usually converted to Islam, many were freed. • Offspring born free.

48. p. 249

49. The Recentering of Islam • Competing interpretations in local communities. • Centrality of the caliphate diminished. • Immigrant scholars. • Madrasa– type of religious college.

50. Sufi brotherhoods, mystic groups, appeared in 12th and 13th centuries. • End of Abbasid Caliphate enhanced the religious centrality of Mecca.