Coming Up:

1. Coming Up: Read: The Lost Mariner by Oliver Sachs Repressed Memories by Elizabeth Loftus

2. Overview of Memory • Atkinson-Shiffrin Model RETRIEVAL ATTENTION Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Sensory Signals REHEARSAL

3. Recap: Short-Term memory • Span of “seven plus or minus two” must be qualified by rate of speech • Primacy and recency effects influence which items are best recalled • Interference depends in part on semantic meaning

4. Coding in STM • How is information coded in STM? What is the “file format”?

5. Coding in STM • Clues about coding in STM: • # of items stored in STM depends on rate of speech

6. Coding in STM • Clues about coding in STM: • # of items stored in STM depends on rate of speech • phonological similarity effect: similar sounding words are harder to store/recall than different sounding words

7. Coding in STM • Clues about coding in STM: • # of items stored in STM depends on rate of speech • phonological similarity effect: similar sounding words are harder to store/recall than different sounding words • “counting backwards” prevents mental rehearsal

8. Coding in STM • Clues about coding in STM: • # of items stored in STM depends on rate of speech • phonological similarity effect: similar sounding words are harder to store/recall than different sounding words • “counting backwards” prevents mental rehearsal What does this suggest about the “format” of STM?

9. Coding in STM • It seems that information can be stored in a linguistic or phonological form

10. Coding in STM • It seems that information can be stored in a linguistic or phonological form Must it be stored this way?

11. Delayed Match-To-Sample Remember the locations of the letters

12. Delayed Match-To-Sample

13. Delayed Match-To-Sample

14. Delayed Match-To-Sample Was there a letter at the location of the star?

15. Coding in STM • It is also possible to “keep in mind” non-verbal information, such as a map Are there two different STM systems?

16. A Modular Approach to STM Central Executive Articulatory Loop Visuospatial Sketchpad Introduces the notion of “Working Memory” because emphasis is on performing mental operations on the information encoded

17. A Modular Approach to STM Central Executive Articulatory Loop Visuospatial Sketchpad Experiment 1 in the article by Lee Brooks demonstrates a double dissociation between Articulatory Loop and Visuospatial Sketchpad

18. Working Memory “Modules” • Lee Brooks: interference between different representations in STM (Experiment 1) • Memory Representation • verbal task: categorize words in a sentence • spatial task: categorize corners in a block letter • Response Modality • verbal response: say “yes” or “no” • spatial response: point to “yes” or “no”

19. Working Memory “Modules” • Verbal Task: indicate if each word is or is not a noun • “I went to the store to buy a loaf of bread.” • N N N N Y N N N Y N Y

20. Working Memory “Modules” • Spatial Task: indicate if each corner points outside Y Y F Y N

21. Working Memory “Modules” • In both tasks the information needed must be maintained (represented) in working memory

22. Working Memory “Modules” • Response Modalities: Verbal Spatial Say: “yes” “no” “no” Point to: Y or N Y N Y N Y N Y N Y N

23. Working Memory “Modules” • Both response modalities also engage working memory

24. Working Memory “Modules” • Prediction: • There should be interference when response modality and task representation engage the same module • if there is only one kind of module, then there should be interference between every pairing of representation to response

25. Working Memory “Modules” • result: a cross-over interaction (double dissociation) Verbal Representation (categorize words) Performance Spatial Representation (categorize corners) Spatial Verbal Response Modality

26. Working Memory “Modules” • Interpretation: • supports notion of modularity in Working Memory (visuospatial sketchpad / articulatoryloop work independent of each other)