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Philosophical Method. Logic: A Calculus For Good Reason Clarification, Not Obfuscation Distinctions and Disambiguation Examples and Counterexamples Revealing Our Deepest Convictions Testing Our Principles and Definitions. Logic: Primary Philosophical Tool.
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Philosophical Method • Logic: A Calculus For Good Reason • Clarification, Not Obfuscation • Distinctions and Disambiguation • Examples and Counterexamples • Revealing Our Deepest Convictions • Testing Our Principles and Definitions
Logic: Primary Philosophical Tool • Logic Gives Us Rules For Reasoning • Arguments And Their Parts • Premises • Sub and Main Conclusions • Note: Relation Between Premises and Conclusion Is What Matters • Calculus For Generating New Beliefs On Basis Of Old Ones
Types Of Argument: Two Main Forms Of Inference • Deductive Inference • Validity: If The Premises Are True, The Conclusion Must Be True • Distinguishing Validity From Truth • Arguments: Valid Or Invalid; Not True Or False • Premises: True Of False; Not Valid Or Invalid • Logicians Care More About Truth Preservation Than Truth • Soundness: Valid AND True Premises
Logical Schema • Symbolic Variables • Some Common Deductive Forms: • Categorical Syllogism • Modus Ponens • Modus Tollens
Non-Deductive Reasoning • Inductive Inference • Probability: If The Premises Are True, The Conclusion is Probably True • Inference To Next Case • Universal Generalization • Inference To Best Explanation • Appealing To Best Hypothesis • Fallacies