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08-Early Childhood: Age 2 to 6 Biosocial Development

08-Early Childhood: Age 2 to 6 Biosocial Development. Body Changes. Growth. Body slims down – taller & thinner Center of gravity lowers Enables swinging, gymnastics, etc. Nutrition. Overweight children = overweight adults Diabetes Heart disease. Cavities & gum disease.

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08-Early Childhood: Age 2 to 6 Biosocial Development

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  1. 08-Early Childhood: Age 2 to 6 Biosocial Development

  2. Body Changes

  3. Growth • Body slims down – taller & thinner • Center of gravity lowers • Enables swinging, gymnastics, etc.

  4. Nutrition • Overweight children • = overweight adults • Diabetes • Heart disease

  5. Cavities & gum disease • Early tooth decay = most common disease in young children in developed countries • Harms permanent teeth • Jaw malformation, speech • Overall health

  6. Brain development

  7. Myelination • Myelin coating of axons • Speeds brain processing • Focused on the motor and sensory areas

  8. Corpus callosum • Connects right and left hemispheres • Increases communication between both sides of the brain • Increases coordination • Lateralization • Each side specializing

  9. Left hemispherecontrols right side • Left is language & speech • Left is logical • Detailed analysis • Detail focused

  10. Right hemisphere controls left side • Creative • Emotional • Big picture focused

  11. All thinking required both sides of the brain

  12. Prefrontal cortex • “Executive” brain • Planning, analyzing, prioritizing • Immaturity = Impulsiveness & tendency to persevere (keep repeating) • E.g. “Are we there yet?” • Longest period of development • Matures during adolescence

  13. Emotions • Based on the limbic system • Amygdala • Hippocampus • Hypothalamus • Aid in emotional expression and control

  14. Amygdala • Registers positive & negative emotions • Related to night terrors • Children model after parents

  15. Hippocampus • Memory • Can work with amygdala to recall emotions

  16. Hypothalamus • Produces hormones to activate parts of the body in response to signals from the amygdala and hippocampus. • E.g. stress and the fight or flight syndrome

  17. Motor skills • Gross • Large muscles • E.g. riding a bike, swinging, kicking a ball • Fine • Small muscles • Writing, drawing, pouring juice • Girls tend to develop 6 mos. Earlier than boys

  18. Injuries and abuse

  19. Three levels of prevention for avoidable injuries • Primary prevention • Preventing a high risk situation from ever existing • E.g. Sidewalks and overpasses • Secondary prevention • Reducing the risk in an existing high risk situation • Salt on roads • Crossing guards • Tertiary prevention • Reducing damage after injury • Emergency room procedures

  20. Child maltreatment • Child abuse • Deliberate physical, emotional, or sexual harm • Child neglect • Failure to meet physical or emotional needs • Law required reporting suspected maltreatment

  21. Symptoms of maltreatment • Injuries • Fantasy play – violence & sexual • Hostility • Impulsive reactions • E.g. Cringing • Fear of caregiver • Hypervigilance

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