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The Future of Solar System and Earth from Religious Point of View

يشمل الإعجاز في القرآن الكريم مجالين : المجال اللغوي والمجال العلميّ. فالإعجاز اللغوي يدركه كلّ ناطق باللغة العربيـّة أمـّا الإعجاز العلميّ فهو حكر على أهل العلم والإختصاص. و الإشارات العلميـّة الواردة في القرآن مست شتى مجالات العلوم الا ان أغلبها تمحور حول الظواهر الفلكية

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The Future of Solar System and Earth from Religious Point of View

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  1. يشمل الإعجاز في القرآن الكريم مجالين : المجال اللغوي والمجال العلميّ. فالإعجاز اللغوي يدركه كلّ ناطق باللغة العربيـّة أمـّا الإعجاز العلميّ فهو حكر على أهل العلم والإختصاص. و الإشارات العلميـّة الواردة في القرآن مست شتى مجالات العلوم الا ان أغلبها تمحور حول الظواهر الفلكية و إن ّ من أهمّ وجوه الإعجاز في القرآن الكريم أن جعل الله علامات يوم القيامة- والحال انها من الأمور الغيبيّة -هي نفسها علامات نهآية : النّظام الشّمسي. و البشر بإمكانهم رصد هذه الظواهر متى توفـّرت لهم الوسائل. فمتى تم لهم ذلك تهاوت حجج الطاعنين في كتاب الله وهو ما سنبيّنه في هذه المداخلة.

  2. The Future of Solar System and Earth from Religious Point of View Presented by: Kamel BEN SALEM

  3. Summary • Quran & Astronomy • Some Historical Facts on Islam & Quran • General facts on Universe according to Quran • The solar system in the Quranic text • General Statements • Future of the solar system & Impacts • The aftermath of the solar system collapse • Conclusion

  4. I. Quran & Astronomy “The creation of the heavens and of the Earth is verily more grandiose than the creation of Man”(40:57) لَخَلْقُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ أَكْبَرُ مِنْ خَلْقِ النَّاسِ وَلَكِنَّ أَكْثَرَ النَّاسِ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ (سورة غافر آية : 57)

  5. II. Some Historical Facts on Islam & Quran • Birth of Islam: 610 CE • Humble and primitive life of pagan Arabs in the peninsula • Outstanding mastering of their language • Quran revealed (during 22 years) “in a clear arabic language” • Arab pagans challenged to produce similar eloquent discourse • Dramatic metamorphosis of the Arab people

  6. II. Some Historical Facts on Islam & Quran • Addresses invitations to : • Reading/Science : Read! In the Name of your Lord Who has created (all that exists) ...(96 :1). • اقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ (سورة العلق آية : 1)

  7. Focusing on what exists in the heavens and on Earth "Say : “Behold all that is in the heavens and the earth ...”. (10:101). قُلِ انظُرُواْ مَاذَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ وَمَا تُغْنِي الآيَاتُ وَالنُّذُرُ عَن قَوْمٍ لاَّ يُؤْمِنُونَ (سورة يونس آية : 101)

  8. Exploring earth and space : "O assembly of Jinns and Humans, if you can pass beyond the zones of the heavens and the earth, then pass beyond (them)! Not without a power shall ye be able to pass!"(55 :33). • يَا مَعْشَرَ الْجِنِّ وَالْإِنسِ إِنِ اسْتَطَعْتُمْ أَن تَنفُذُوا مِنْ أَقْطَارِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ فَانفُذُوا لَا تَنفُذُونَ إِلَّا بِسُلْطَان )ٍسورة الرحمان آية : 33)

  9. III. General facts on Universe according to Quran Existence of several planets like the Earth "God is the One Who created seven heavens and of the earth a similar number. The command descends among them so that you know that God has power over all things and comprehends all things in His knowledge." (65:12) اللَّهُ الَّذِي خَلَقَ سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ وَمِنَ الْأَرْضِ مِثْلَهُنَّ يَتَنَزَّلُ الْأَمْرُ بَيْنَهُنَّ لِتَعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ أَحَاطَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عِلْمًا (سورة الطلاق آية : 12) • Birth : First soldered then divided gazeous mass of fine particles "Moreover He turned to heaven when it was smoke…"  (41:11) ثُمَّ اسْتَوَى إِلَى السَّمَاء وَهِيَ دُخَانٌ فَقَالَ لَهَا وَلِلْأَرْضِ اِئْتِيَا طَوْعًا أَوْ كَرْهًا قَالَتَا أَتَيْنَا طَائِعِينَ (سورة فصلت آية : 11) "Do not the unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined together, then We clove them asunder and We got every living thing out of the water. Will they not then believe?" (21:30) أَوَلَمْ يَرَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَنَّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ كَانَتَا رَتْقًا فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَاء كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ أَفَلَا يُؤْمِنُونَ (سورة الأنبياء آية : 30)

  10. III. General facts on Universe according to Quran • Creation process repetition • "It is God Who begins (the process of) creation; Then repeats it." (30:11) • اللَّهُ يَبْدَأُ الْخَلْقَ ثُمَّ يُعِيدُهُ ثُمَّ إِلَيْهِ تُرْجَعُونَ (سورة الروم آية : 11) • Galactic matter "We created the heavens, the earth and what is between them in six periods, and no weariness touched Us." (50:38) وَلَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا فِي سِتَّةِ أَيَّامٍ وَمَا مَسَّنَا مِن لُّغُوبٍ (سورة ق آية : 38) • Starting/continuity/expansion "The heaven, We have built it with power, verily We are expanding it " (51:47) وَالسَّمَاء بَنَيْنَاهَا بِأَيْدٍ وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ (سورة الذاريات آية : 47 )

  11. IV. The solar system in the Quranic text i. General Statements • Cited planets : earth, sun, moon • ET origin of Iron "…And We sent down iron, a source for great evil, as well as many benefits for mankind... " (57 :25) لَقَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا رُسُلَنَا بِالْبَيِّنَاتِ وَأَنزَلْنَا مَعَهُمُ الْكِتَابَ وَالْمِيزَانَ لِيَقُومَ النَّاسُ بِالْقِسْطِ وَأَنزَلْنَا الْحَدِيدَ فِيهِ بَأْسٌ شَدِيدٌ وَمَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ وَلِيَعْلَمَ اللَّهُ مَن يَنصُرُهُ وَرُسُلَهُ بِالْغَيْبِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ قَوِيٌّ عَزِيزٌ (الحديد آية : 25) • Distinction between Sun (heat-light source) and moon/other planets (light reflectors) "God is the One Who made the sun a shine and the moon a light…" (10:5) هُوَ الَّذِي جَعَلَ الشَّمْسَ ضِيَاء وَالْقَمَرَ نُورًا وَقَدَّرَهُ مَنَازِلَ لِتَعْلَمُواْ عَدَدَ السِّنِينَ وَالْحِسَابَ مَا خَلَقَ اللّهُ ذَلِكَ إِلاَّ بِالْحَقِّ يُفَصِّلُ الآيَاتِ لِقَوْمٍ يَعْلَمُونَ (سورة يونس آية : 5) "God is the light of the heavens and the earth. The similitude of His light is as if there were a niche and within it a luminary. The luminary is in a glass. The glass is as if it were a planet glittering like a pearl."(24:35) اللَّهُ نُورُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ مَثَلُ نُورِهِ كَمِشْكَاةٍ فِيهَا مِصْبَاحٌ الْمِصْبَاحُ فِي زُجَاجَةٍ الزُّجَاجَةُ كَأَنَّهَا كَوْكَبٌ دُرِّيٌّ يُوقَدُ مِن شَجَرَةٍ مُّبَارَكَةٍ زَيْتُونِةٍ لَّا شَرْقِيَّةٍ وَلَا غَرْبِيَّةٍ يَكَادُ زَيْتُهَا يُضِيءُ وَلَوْ لَمْ تَمْسَسْهُ نَارٌ نُّورٌ عَلَى نُورٍ يَهْدِي اللَّهُ لِنُورِهِ مَن يَشَاء وَيَضْرِبُ اللَّهُ الْأَمْثَالَ لِلنَّاسِ وَاللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ (النور 35)

  12. IV. The solar system in the Quranic text • Sun evolution to a steady state "The Sun runs its course towards a proper state (or site) of stability. This is the decree of the Almighty, the Full of Knowledge." (26:38) وَالشَّمْسُ تَجْرِي لِمُسْتَقَرٍّ لَّهَا ذَلِكَ تَقْدِيرُ الْعَزِيزِ الْعَلِيمِ (سورة يس آية : 38) • (Sun/moon) moving submitted to computing "...The sun must not catch up the moon... Each one is traveling in an orbit with its own motion." (36:39-40) لَا الشَّمْسُ يَنبَغِي لَهَا أَن تُدْرِكَ الْقَمَرَ وَلَا اللَّيْلُ سَابِقُ النَّهَارِ وَكُلٌّ فِي فَلَكٍ يَسْبَحُونَ (سورة يس آية : 40) "The sun and moon (are subjected) to calculations." (55:5) الشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُ بِحُسْبَانٍ (سورة الرحمان آية : 5)

  13. IV. The solar system in the Quranic text ii. Future of the solar system Sun becoming like a swelling ball " When the sun becomes like a swelling ball (kuwwirat)." (81:1) إِذَا الشَّمْسُ كُوِّرَتْ (سورة التكوير آية : 1) • General impacts on the Sky • Sky looking like a scarlet-rosy "Then, when the heaven is rent asunder, becoming scarlet-rosy like red hide." (55:37) فَإِذَا انشَقَّتِ السَّمَاء فَكَانَتْ وَرْدَةً كَالدِّهَانِ (سورة الرحمان آية : 37)

  14. IV. The solar system in the Quranic text • Sky shining like a molten metal "The Day that The sky will be like Molten metal" (70:8) يَوْمَ تَكُونُ السَّمَاء كَالْمُهْلِ (سورة المعارج آية : 8) • Light intensity Increase "So, when the sight is dazzled. " (75:7)

  15. IV. The solar system in the Quranic text • Stars no longer be visible "Then when the stars become dim. " (77:8) فَإِذَا النُّجُومُ طُمِسَتْ (سورة المرسلات آية : 8) "And when the stars, lose their lustre. " (81:2( وَإِذَا النُّجُومُ انكَدَرَتْ (سورة التكوير آية : 2) • Modification of the solar system planets orbits " .....And when the planets will disperse (intatharat)." (82:2) وَإِذَا الْكَوَاكِبُ انتَثَرَتْ (الإنفطار آية : 2)

  16. IV. The solar system in the Quranic text • Impacts on the moon • Moon no longer visible “And the moon will be eclipsed." (75:8) وَخَسَفَ الْقَمَرُ (القيامة آية : 8) • Sun and Moon joined "... And the sun and moon are joined together." (75:9) وَجُمِعَ الشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُ (سورة القيامة آية : 9)

  17. IV. The solar system in the Quranic text • Moon fragmented "The Hour has drawn near and the moon has been cleft asunder." (54:1) اقْتَرَبَتِ السَّاعَةُ وَانشَقَّ الْقَمَرُ (سورة القمر آية : 1)

  18. IV. The solar system in the Quranic text • Impacts on Earth • Exodus movement and gathering of wild beasts "...And when the wild beasts are herded together. " (81:5) وَإِذَا الْوُحُوشُ حُشِرَتْ (سورة التكوير آية : 5) • Boiling and bursting forth of the seas and oceans "And when the seas become as blazing fire. " (81:6) وَإِذَا الْبِحَارُ سُجِّرَتْ (سورة التكوير آية : 6) "(I Swear)… By the Canopy Raised High, And by the boiling sea." (52:5-6) وَالسَّقْفِ الْمَرْفُوعِ وَالْبَحْرِ الْمَسْجُورِ (سورة الطور آية : 5-6) "... And when the seas are burst forth." (82:3) وَإِذَا الْبِحَارُ فُجِّرَتْ (سورة الإنفطار آية : 3) • Expansion of the Earth’s crust "... And when the Earth expands. And has cast forth what is within it." (84:3-4) وَإِذَا الْأَرْضُ مُدَّتْ وَأَلْقَتْ مَا فِيهَا وَتَخَلَّتْ (سورة الإنشقاق آية : 3- 4)

  19. IV. The solar system in the Quranic text • Pulverization of mountains " ... And the mountains will be carded wool." (101:5) وَتَكُونُ الْجِبَالُ كَالْعِهْنِ الْمَنفُوشِ (سورة القارعة آية : 5) "…And the mountains will be like crumbling sand dunes." (73:14) يَوْمَ تَرْجُفُ الْأَرْضُ وَالْجِبَالُ وَكَانَتِ الْجِبَالُ كَثِيبًا مَّهِيلًا (سورة المزمل آية : 14) "They ask thee concerning The Mountains  say : “My Lord Will demolish them and He will leave them as plains Smooth and level”." (20:105:6) وَيَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْجِبَالِ فَقُلْ يَنسِفُهَا رَبِّي نَسْفًا- فَيَذَرُهَا قَاعًا صَفْصَفًا (سورةآية : 105- 106) "And the mountains turning into crumbles to end up as sparse particles." (56:6) وَبُسَّتِ الْجِبَالُ بَسًّا- فَكَانَتْ هَبَاء مُّنبَثًّا (سورة الواقعة آية : 5-6) "And the mountains shall vanish, as if they were a mirage." (78:20) وَسُيِّرَتِ الْجِبَالُ فَكَانَتْ سَرَابًا (سورة النبأ آية : 20)

  20. IV. The solar system in the Quranic text • Fall of lunar fragments on the Earth "And the soil and the mountains are lifted, then violently hammered at one stroke. On that day, shall the (great) Event come to pass." (69:13-14) وَحُمِلَتِ الْأَرْضُ وَالْجِبَالُ فَدُكَّتَا دَكَّةً وَاحِدَةً- فَيَوْمَئِذٍ وَقَعَتِ الْوَاقِعَةُ (سورة الحاقة آية : 14-15) "The day when the earth (the soil) and the mountains are shaken up, once the mountains have become like crumbling sand dunes." (73:14) يَوْمَ تَرْجُفُ الْأَرْضُ وَالْجِبَالُ وَكَانَتِ الْجِبَالُ كَثِيبًا مَّهِيلًا (سورة المزمل آية : 14) "Nay ! when the earth (the soil) undergoes hammering after hammering." (89:21) كَلَّا إِذَا دُكَّتِ الْأَرْضُ دَكًّا دَكًّا (سورة الفجر آية : 21) • Earth covered by very dense smoke "The day when the sky is agitated by a swirling cloud." (52:9) يَوْمَ تَمُورُ السَّمَاء مَوْرًا (سورة الطور آية : 9) "And the day when the sky shall be rent asunder with clouds… " (25:25) وَيَوْمَ تَشَقَّقُ السَّمَاء بِالْغَمَامِ وَنُزِّلَ الْمَلَائِكَةُ تَنزِيلًا (سورة الفرقان آية : 25) "Then wait you for the Day when the sky will bring forth a visible smoke." (44:10) فَارْتَقِبْ يَوْمَ تَأْتِي السَّمَاء بِدُخَانٍ مُّبِينٍ (سورة الدخان آية : 10) • Slowdown of Earth’s rotation speed "A day will become like a year, then like a month, then like a week,… and finally like a present day." [Hadith]. • Changing of Earth’s rotation direction : "At the approach of the apocalypse, the sun will rise in the west." [Hadith]

  21. IV. The solar system in the Quranic text iii. The aftermath of the solar system collapse • Only the solar system planets will be affected by the swelling sun • No mention of other impacts on stars, except the fact that they lose their luster (no more visible) • Earth transformed into another earth "The Day when the Earth turns out into another Earth and so will be the heavens." (14:48) يَوْمَ تُبَدَّلُ الأَرْضُ غَيْرَ الأَرْضِ وَالسَّمَاوَاتُ وَبَرَزُواْ للّهِ الْوَاحِدِ الْقَهَّار(سورة إبراهيم آية : 48)

  22. V. CONCLUSION 13,697 billion years * Other points on Astronomy • Universe age (13,8 billion years) • Existence of extra-terrestrial life, etc.. * This paper does not aim to find a "concordance" between the Quran and science. * How can our present knowledge help us to understand the ancient texts ? * How can a prophetic message, dating back very far in the past, agree or not with our present knowledge? «Verily! In the creation of the heavens and the earth, and in the alternation of night and day, there are indeed signs for men of understanding. Those who remember (celebrate) The praises of God standing, sitting, and lying down on their sides, and think deeply about the creation of the heavens and the earth, (saying): Our Lord! You have not created (all) this without purpose, glory to You! » (3 :190-191) إِنَّ فِي خَلْقِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ وَاخْتِلاَفِ اللَّيْلِ وَالنَّهَارِ لآيَاتٍ لِّأُوْلِي الألْبَابِ. إِنَّ فِي خَلْقِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ وَاخْتِلاَفِ اللَّيْلِ وَالنَّهَارِ لآيَاتٍ لِّأُوْلِي الألْبَابِ (سورة آل عمران آية : 190- 191)

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