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This chapter provides an overview of the structure and function of body membranes, including the classification of epithelial and connective tissue membranes. It also covers the structure of the skin, its appendages, and the primary functions of the integumentary system. Additionally, it discusses the classification and estimation of burn injuries.
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Chapter 5 Study Guide Integumentary System & Body Membranes
Chapter Objectives: • Classify, compare the structure of and give examples of each type of body membrane • Describe the structure and function of the epidermis and dermis • List and briefly describe each accessory organ of the skin • List and discuss the three primary functions of the integumentary system • Classify burns and describe how to estimate the extent of a burn injury
Classification of Body Membranes Epithelial Membranes: Composed of epithelial tissue & underlying specialized connective tissue 1.Cutaneous…aka skin 2.Serous… aka saliva 3.Mucous… aka snot :P Connective Tissue Membranes: Contain no epithelial component 1.Synovial…line jointspaces between bones & bursae (sacs between moving body parts) →smooth, thick →secrete synovial fluid = for lubrication & reduce friction in joints
Serous Membranes… • Composition: 1. Thin layer of simple squamous epithelium 2. Thin layer of connective tissue -forms supportive basement membrane • Function: • body cavity lining and organ surface covering (single membrane w/ it’s surfaces named separately) *Parietal = name for body cavity lining *Visceral = name for serous membrane covering organs 2. Produce watery fluid to reduce friction & lubricate any organ contact • Examples: • Thoracic cavity= called Pleura -so..VisceralPleura=serous membranes covering the organs in thoracic cavity -Pleurisy= inflamed Pleura; very painful friction of lungs rubbing chest wall • Abdominal cavity= called Peritoneum -Peritonitis=inflamed serous membranes in abdominal cavity
Mucous Membranes… • Location: -line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior -respiratory, digestive, urinary & reproductive tracts • Composition: *epithelium varies with location&function -Esophagus: stratified squamous epithelium –to protect from rough particles -Lower Digestive Tract: simple columnarepithelium • Function: -produce thick, slimy material- aka mucus (provide moisture) MucocutaneousJunction = -skin and mucous membranes meet (eyelids, nasal opening) -lacks accessory glands, need mucous glands for moisture -common points of infection
The Skin *Primary organ of Integumentary System & largest body organ* Structure: →Epidermis → Dermis → Subcutaneous Appendages: → Hair → Receptors → Nails → Skin Glands -Sudoriferous gland (sweat) -Sebaceous gland (oil) Function: → Protection → Temperature Regulation → Sense organ activity Burns: →Surface area estimation →Classification
Structure: Epidermis …outtermost layer *Stratified Squamous Epithelium* Tightly Packed Arranged in layers {strata} •Stratum Germinativum• [innermost] →reproduces itself *self-repairing fxn! →new cells move toward surface as they specialize with… Keratin [replaces cells cytoplasm]= tough, waterproof material for protection •Stratum Corneum• [outer layer of epidermis] →keratin filled, dead cells flake off *Melanocytesdeep in epidermis- produce melanin → absorb harmful UV & give skin darker pigment → with less melanin color can change w/ blood flow or oxygen level changes Cyanosis: skin bluish gray with ↓blood O2 or ↓blood flow *Specialized Junctionshold epidermis together and attach to dermis Dermal-epidermal Junction= between thin epidermal layer and dermal layer below Blisters: result of weakened or destroyed junctions
Structure: Dermis *Thicker layer *mostly connective tissue -cells scattered with fibers between Upper Region: -DermalPapillae -parallel rows of bumps (important in junction) -make finger/footprints unique Deeper Dermis: -Dense network of interlacing fibers -Specialized nerve network for sensory info Subcutaneous [aka. Hypodermis] -Layer of fat →insulation , provide stored energy, gives protection & shock absorption
AppendagesHair Follicles: required for growth Lanugo =hair of newborn HairPapilla: where hair growth begins base of follicle ArrectorPili: small smooth involuntary muscle contraction makes goose bumps (ex. in cold/ or fear )
AppendagesNails -produced by cells of epidermis -
AppendagesSkin Glands *Sudoriferous gland (sweat)1. Eccrine: Most numerous produce sweat 2. Apocrine Larger (growth starts at pupberty) Thicker secretions *Sebaceous gland (oil) -Lubrication for hair and skin Secretions increase during adolescence w/ hormone changes Secretions decrease late adulthood –forming wrinkles and cracks in skin
Function 1. Protection • “First line of defense” • Keratin • prevents movement across skin barrier, keeps bacteria out and keeps fluid in • Melanin • protects from UV 2. TemperatureRegulation • Sweat • Evaporation principle heat loss mechanism 3. SenseOrganActivity • Touch, pressure, pain & hot/cold
Burns “Rule of Nines” • Divides body into 11 areas-each 9% • Recovery depends on total area involved and severity Classification of Burns 1st Degree (sunburn) Minor discomfort, some reddening of skin, no blistering 2nd Degree Severe pain, deep epidermal layers & upper dermis injured, blisters, swelling, fluid loss, scaring common 3rd degree (full thickness burn) Complete destruction of epidermis and dermis, tissue death into subcutaneous tissue (can go to muscle or even bone), pain insensitive-nerve endings injured, serious fluid loss & risk of infection
