Energy Systems Dr M Taghavi Mehran_taghavi@yahoo

1. Energy Systems • Dr M Taghavi • Mehran_taghavi@yahoo.com

2. Energy for Exercise Food is the source of energy for the human body and it also provides nutrients for growth and repair. When food is eaten, this is what happens… • The food is broken down into soluble chemicals (e.g. glucose) by digestion in the gut. • The soluble chemicals pass through the gut wall into the blood. • The blood carries the soluble food chemicals to all of the body’s cells, where they will be used for: Energy Growth Repair

3. Making Energy Available to the Cells of the Body The muscles of the body use bothcarbohydratesandfatstoproduceenergy. The following diagram shows how carbohydrates are used. • Carbohydratesin the form ofstarchgained from foods such aspasta, bread and potatoesare eaten. • The glucose enters thesmall intestinewhere it passes intotheblood. • The starch isdigestedin the gut and turned intoglucosemolecules.

4. The glucose is then used in 3 different ways… Body Cells Liver Glucose diffuses easily into the cells and is used to meet their energy demands. Here some of the glucose is stored as glycogen and used to maintain blood sugar levels. Skeletal Muscle Glucose is stored here as glycogen and is used when the body is working harder.

5. High energy phosphate system b) Anaerobic glycolytic system c) Aerobic oxidative system The Energy Systems

6. Energy systems • Aerobic • Anaerobic Oxygen system Phosphate system Lactate system Dr. taghavi

7. + Pi ATP + H2O ADP + Energy 2. Phosphate molecule (Pi) is released from ATP (ATP ADP) a) ATP breakdown (ATP turnover) 1. Hydrolysis of the unstable phosphate groups of ATP molecule by H2O 3. Energy is released (38 to 42 kJ, or 9 to 10 kcal/mol ATP)

8. + Pi ADP + Energy ATP c) ATP resynthesis • Initial stores of ATP in the muscles are used up • very quickly and ATP must be regenerated 2. ATP is formed by recombination of ADP and Pi 3. Regeneration of ATP requires energy (from breakdown of food molecules)

9. ENERGY Creatine P High Energy Phosphate System ADP + Pi ATP

10. Energy systems Phosphate The main source for the onset of exercise. Anaerobic alactic System CP + ADP ► Creatine + ATP ► Expulsion Energy Limited store ► 2 – 10 sec. Recovery time: 3-5 min complete rest. Promotion of CP system: ▲CP store ▲CP breakdown enzymatic process CP stores increase by 25% to 50% after 7 months endurance training CP Enzymatic break down advancement promote after 8 weeks speed training Dr. taghavi

11. Anaerobic Respiration – Without Oxygen Anaerobic respiration involves the release of a little energy, very quickly from the incomplete breakdown of glucose without usingoxygen,inside the cells. The Process of Anaerobic Respiration 1.Glucose is made available by the breakdown of glycogen stored in the working muscles. Energy for muscles to contractand create movement 2.The glucose is used by the muscles of the body to produce energy, without the use of oxygen. Glucose Lactic Acid 3.This process creates lactic acid, which passes back into the blood for removal.

12. How Anaerobic Respiration Happens 1 2 3 Glucose is transported to the muscles of the body via the blood. Glucose passes into the muscles cells and is used to produce energy for muscular contractions. Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid as a waste product. Facts about Anaerobic Respiration • Duringanaerobicrespiration, yourmuscles are not supplied with enough oxygen. • Thelactic acidbuilds up due to the shortageofoxygen. This is known as anoxygen debt,which needsto be paid back once exercisinghas finished. • The lactic acid build-up will soon make your musclesfeeltired and painful, so exercising anaerobically can only be carried out forshort periods of time.

13. Anaerobic Respiration is howsprintersproduce theenergythat is usedin short periods of‘allouteffort’- high intensity. Oxygen cannot reach the muscles fast enough, so anaerobic respiration is used. Glucose Produces…

14. Anaerobic Respiration is howsprintersproduce theenergythat is usedin short periods of‘allouteffort’- high intensity. Oxygen cannot reach the muscles fast enough, so anaerobic respirationis used. Glucose produces… Some is used for muscle contractions, creating movement. Lactic acid quickly builds up & makes the muscles feel tired & painful. ‘All out effort’ cannot last for very long!

15. Anaerobic Respiration is howsprintersproduce theenergythat is usedin short periods of‘allouteffort’- high intensity. Oxygen cannot reach the muscles fast enough, so anaerobic respiration is used. Glucose produces… Some is used for muscle contractions, creating movement. Lactic acid quickly builds up & makes the muscles feel tired & painful. ‘All out effort’ cannot last for very long! The rest is converted into heat to warm the body.

16. Energy systems Anaerobic system The emergency source of energy. The energy supply for intensive activities last 2-3 min. Glucose + ADP ► Lactic acid + ATP Lactic acid ► Acidosis ► upper lactate threshold (4mmol/l) Muscle soreness-fatigue Mental impairments Recovery time: 75min. + cool down activity Dr. taghavi

17. Aerobic Respiration – With Oxygen The Process of Aerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration involves the release of energy from theslowbreakdown of glucoseusingoxygen,inside the cells. Water Glucose 1. Glucose and oxygen are transported to the working muscles bythe blood. Energy for Muscles to contract and create Movement 2. Glucose and oxygen are then used by the muscles of the body to produce energy. CarbonDioxide 3. This process creates carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen 4. The carbon dioxide passes back into the blood for removal.

18. How Aerobic Respiration Happens… 1 2 3 Glucose and oxygen are carried by the haemoglobin in the red blood cells. Glucose and oxygen pass into all the muscle cells of the body and is used to help produce energy for muscular contractions. Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide & water as waste products. Facts about Aerobic Respiration • Duringaerobicrespiration, theheartandlungssupply the muscles with plenty ofoxygen. • Thecarbon dioxideis breathed out via thelungs, while thewater is lost as sweat, urineor in theairwe breathe out as water vapour. • As long as the muscles are supplied withenoughoxygen, exercising aerobically can becarried out for alongperiod of time.

19. Energy systems Aerobic system The main source for long lasting exercises. Fats + O2 + ADP ► CO2 + water + ATP 1- Glucose + ADP ► Lactic acid + ATP 2- Lactic acid + O2 + ADP ► CO2 + water + ATP Carbohydrate store is limited but Fat store is unlimited. Low intensity exercises ► burn fats High intensity exercises ► burn carbohydrate Well trained athlete burn fats for a longer time thus saving carbohydrate. Training increase aerobic capacity by 50%. Dr. taghavi

20. Aerobic respiration is howmarathonrunners produce theenergythatis used in long periods of less intensive effort. Glucose and oxygen produce…

21. Aerobic respiration is howmarathonrunners produce theenergythatis used in long periods of less intensive effort. Some is used for muscle contractions, creating movement. Glucose and oxygen produce…

22. Aerobic respiration is howmarathonrunners produce theenergythatis used in long periods of less intensive effort. Some is used for muscle contractions, creating movement. The rest is converted into heat to warmthe body. Glucose and oxygen produce… Water, which is carried away by the blood and excreted through the lungs, sweat and urine. Carbon dioxide, which is carriedaway by the blood& excreted through the lungs.

23. Sports Max. Speed Max. Endurance Complex Speed & Endurance Wrestling Complex Speed & Endurance Low weights Max. Speed High weights Max. Endurance Dr. taghavi

24. The Roles of the Three Energy Systems in Competitive Sport

25. Muscle fibers Slow Twitch – Type I Fast Twitch – Types IIa & IIb Dr. taghavi

26. Muscle fibers Dr. taghavi

27. Muscle fibers ratio Sprinters Shot putters Long-high jumpers Middle-distance runners 5, 10 km- Semi marathon Marathon & Ultra long distance Dr. taghavi

28. Energy Systems in Wrestling Anaerobic System Lactic Acid 100% Energy Aerobic System ATP-PC Time 0 8 sec 2 min 4 15 135 Dr. taghavi

29. Energy Systems in Wrestling 100% Aerobic System 70% Intensity HR-reserve Time 0 8 sec 2 min 4 15 135 Dr. taghavi

30. Energy Systems in Wrestling Anaerobic System 100% Aerobic System 70% Intensity HR-reserve Time 0 8 sec 2 min 4 15 135 Dr. taghavi

31. Energy Systems in Wrestling Anaerobic System 100% Aerobic System 70% Intensity HR-reserve CP CP Time 0 8 sec 2 min 4 15 135 Dr. taghavi

32. Source of energy for wrestling Fuel • Carbohydrate • Fat • Protein Energy Systems • Anaerobic ATP-PC • Anaerobic Lactic acid • Aerobic ATP ENERGY MOVEMENT • Intensity of Sport • Duration Dr. taghavi

33. Anaerobic System in wrestling • Carbohydrate Anaerobic System • Anaerobic ATP-PC • Anaerobic Lactic acid ATP ENERGY ▲ Lactic Acid Concentration In Muscles ▲ Muscular pain ▼ Muscular contraction ▼ Mental concentration Weakness Dr. taghavi

34. Targeted training Training should be specific, targeted at the energy system involved in the particular sport. Optimal training takes place at a workout intensity that maximally activates the complete energy system necessary for the sport. Dr. taghavi

35. Heart Rate Heart Rate Workload intensity The best indicator to determine the exercise intensity is Heart Rate Monitoring Dr. taghavi

36. Training intensity Training intensity is essential for reaching maximum performance. Low intensity Necessary intensity High intensity Not improve Success Injury-Overtraining • As condition improves, training intensity should also increase. • Training scheme should be continually evaluated & adapted. Dr. taghavi

37. The best training control equipment Dr. taghavi

38. Thank you for your attention. Dr. M Taghavi