Chapter Five

1. Chapter Five Advanced File Processing

2. Lesson A Selecting, Manipulating, and Formatting Information

3. Objectives • Use the pipe operator to redirect the output of one command to another command • Use the grep command to search for a specified pattern in a file • Use the uniq command to remove duplicate lines from a file

4. Objectives • Use the comm and diff commands to compare two files • Use the wc command to count words, characters and lines in a file • Use the manipulate and format commands: sed, tr, and pr

5. Advancing YourFile Processing Skills • The select commands, which extract data

6. Advancing YourFile Processing Skills • The manipulation and transformation commands alter and transform into useful and appealing formats data

7. Using the Select Commands • Select commands: grep, diff, uniq, comm, wc • pipe operator (|) redirects the output of one command to the input of another command • Example: redirect the output of the “ls” to “more” • The pipe operator can connect several commands on the same command line

8. Using Pipes Using pipe operators and connecting commands is useful when viewing directory information

9. Using the grep Command • searches for a specific pattern in a file, such as a word or phrase • grep’s options and wildcard support allow for powerful search operations • You can increase grep’s usefulness by combining with other commands, such as head or tail

10. Using the grep Command grep can take input from other commands and also be directed to provide input for other commands

11. Regular expressions • Character matching • Each character matches itself • . Matches any character • ^ line-begin, $ line-end • [abc] [a-z] [0-9a-zA-Z] • matches one of the characters • [:digit:] [:lower:] [:upper:] [:alnum] • [^abc] • Matches everything else • Repetition: *

12. Extended regular expressions • Repetitions: • * zero or more • + one or more • ? zero or one • {n} exactly n times • {n,m} at least n, at most m • {n,} at least n times • Grouping: • ( ) • | logical or

13. grep versions • grep • Supports basic regular expressions • egrep • supports extended regular expressions • fgrep • searches for fixed strings

14. Using the uniq Command • Removes duplicate lines from a file • It compares only consecutive lines, therefore uniq requires sorted input • Uniq has an option that allows you to generate output that contains a copy of each line that has a duplicate

15. Using the comm Command • Used to identify duplicate lines in sorted files • Unlike uniq, it does not remove duplicates, and it works with two files rather than one • It compares lines common to file1 and file2, and produces three column output • Column one contains lines found only in file1 • Column two contains lines found only in file2 • Column three contains lines found in both files

16. Using the diff Command • Attempts to determine the minimal changes needed to convert file1 to file2 • applied via patch command • The output displays the line(s) that differ • The associated codes in the output indicate that in order for the files to match, specific lines must be added or deleted

17. Using the wc Command • Used to count the number of lines, words, and bytes or characters in text files • You may specify all three options in one issuance of the command • If you don’t specify any options, you see counts of lines, words, and characters (in that order)

18. Using the wc Command The options for the wc command: –l for lines –w for words –c for characters

19. Using the Manipulate and Format Commands • These commands are: sed, tr, pr • Used to edit and transform the appearance of data before it is displayed or printed

20. Introducing sed • sed is a UNIX editor that allows you to make global changes to large files • Minimum requirements are an input file and a command that lets sed know what actions to apply to the file • sed commands have two general forms • Specify an editing command on the command line • Specify a script file containing sed commands

21. sed command examples • command language similar to vi • syntax: • address-range command • examples: • 1,$ s/one/two/ • 5 p • 1,29 d

22. Translating CharactersUsing the tr command • tr copies data from the standard input to the standard output, substituting or deleting characters specified by options and patterns • The patterns are strings and the strings are sets of characters • A popular use of tr is converting lowercase characters to uppercase

23. Using the pr Command toFormat Your Output • pr prints specified files on the standard output in paginated form • By default, pr formats the specified files into single-column pages of 66 lines • Each page has a five-line header, its latest modification date, current page, and five-line trailer consisting of blank lines

24. Using the pr Command toFormat Your Output

25. Lesson B Using UNIX File-Processing Tools to Create an Application

26. Objectives • Design a new file-processing application • Design and create files to implement the application • Use awk to generate formatted output

27. Objectives • Use cut, sort, and join to organize and transform selected file information • Develop customized shell scripts to extract and combine file data • Test individual shell scripts and combine all scripts into a final shell program

28. Designing a New File-Processing Application • The most important phase in developing a new application is the design • The design defines the information an applications needs to produce • The design also defines how to organize this information into files, records, and fields, which are called logical structures

29. Designing Records • The first task is to define the fields in the records and produce a record layout • A record layout identifies each field by name and data type (numeric or nonnumeric) • Design the file record to store only those fields relevant to the record’s primary purpose

30. Linking Files with Keys • Multiple files are joined by a key – a common field that each of the linked files share • Another important task in the design phase is to plan a way to join the files • The flexibility to gather information from multiple files comprised of simple, short records is the essence of a relational database system. UNIX provides several commands providing this flexibility

32. Creating the Programmerand Project Files • With the basic design complete, you now implement your application design • UNIX file processing predominantly uses flat files. Working with these files is easy, because you can create and manipulate them with text editors like vi and Emacs

34. Formatting Output • The awk command is used to prepare formatted output • For the purposes of developing a new file-processing application, we will focus primarily on the printf action of the awk command

35. Formatting Output Awk provides a shortcut to other UNIX commands

36. Using a Shell Script toImplement the Application • Shell scripts should contain: • The commands to execute • Comments to identify and explain the script so that users or programmers other than the author can understand how it works • Use the pound (#) character to mark comments in a script file

37. Running a Shell Script • You can run a shell script in virtually any shell that you have on your system • The Bash shell accepts more variations in command structures than other shells • Run the script by typing sh followed by the name of the script, or make the script executable and type ./ prior to the script name

38. Putting it all together toProduce the Report • An effective way to develop applications is to combine many small scripts in a larger script file • Have the last script added to the larger script print a report indicating script functions and results

39. Putting it all together toProduce the Report

40. Putting it all together toProduce the Report

41. Chapter Summary • The UNIX file-processing commands can be organized into two categories: (1) select and (2) manipulation and transformation • The uniq command removes duplicate lines from a sorted file • The comm command compares lines common to file1 and file2, and produces output that shows the variances between the two • The diff command attempts to determine the minimal set of changes needed to convert file1 into file2

42. Chapter Summary • The tr command copies data read from the standard input to the standard output, substituting or deleting characters specified • The se command is a file editor designed to make global changes to large files • The pr command prints the standard output in pages • The design of a file-processing application reflects what the application needs to produce • Use record layout to identify each field by name and data type

43. Chapter Summary • Shell programs should contain commands to execute programs and comments to identify and explain the programs. The pound (#) character denotes comments • Write shell scripts in stages so that you can test each part before combining them into one script. Using small shell scripts and combining them in a final shell script file is an effective way to develop applications