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Comprehensive Review of Human Body Systems and Cellular Functions

Explore the intricate connections within the human body, from the digestive system and circulatory pathways to cellular functions like nerve signaling and immunity. Learn about key physiological processes such as enzyme activity, hormone regulation, and neural control. This comprehensive review covers topics ranging from tissue structure to embryonic development, providing a holistic understanding of the human body's complexity.

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Comprehensive Review of Human Body Systems and Cellular Functions

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  1. AP Biology Exam Review(2002-2003) Body Systems

  2. Connective tissue

  3. Human digestive system

  4. Digestive enzymes

  5. Small intestine

  6. Open vs. closed circulatory system

  7. Blood pressure

  8. Counter current exchange in gills

  9. Controllingbreathing • Medulla oblongata • Autonomic nervous system

  10. Blood CO2 transport • Carbonic acid (changes in pH) • Hemoglobin = heme group, able to bind oxygen

  11. Immune system overview

  12. Lymphatic system

  13. Clonal selection

  14. Cytotoxic and Helper T cells

  15. Humoral vs. Cell-mediated

  16. Humoral immunity

  17. Antibody specificity – epitopes

  18. Ectotherm

  19. Temperature control

  20. Osmoregulation

  21. Control • Detecting increase in blood pressure triggers excretory actions

  22. Calcium regulation

  23. Chemical signalling

  24. Endocrinesystems • Hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland • Pituitary gland controls the majority of hormones.

  25. Hypothalamus control

  26. Glucose homeostasis

  27. Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

  28. Maleanatomy • Testes – produces sperm • Testes held in scrotum

  29. Female anatomy

  30. Sperm anatomy

  31. Oogenesis

  32. Menstruation • FSH • LH • Estrogen • Progesterone

  33. Placental circulation

  34. Inducing contractions

  35. Egg

  36. Mammalian fertilization

  37. Human embyonicdevelopment • Blastocyst (blastula – hollow ball) • Gastrulation (gastrula – cells dive into center)

  38. Embryonic Germ Layers

  39. Neuron

  40. Membrane potential

  41. Nervous system

  42. Action potential • Depolarize – inside of axon more positive • Hyperpolarize – inside of axon less negative • Refractory period – “recovery” period to reestablish resting potential

  43. Synapse - neurotransmitters

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