COLONIAL AMERICA

1. COLONIAL AMERICA Unit IB AP U.S. History

2. England • Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588 makes England a superior naval power • Population increases and economy is depressed • Joint-stock companies develop • Religious conflicts divide the nation • Weak monarchs, civil wars, and revolutions

3. Joint-Stock Companies A great number of poor and landless/attracted to opportunities in the Americas. The joint stock companies pooled together savings of many investors, thereby spreading the risk. Colonies on the North Atlantic Coast were able to attract large numbers of English settlers.

4. Population Growth and Diversity Between 1700-1760 the population of British N.A. grew from 250,000 to 1,600,000. Natural increase from children being born and families grew. Germans and Scots-Irish immigrated. Slave traders imported more Africans.

5. Natural Increase in Colonies American women married earlier than European women. More children were born during a woman’s lifetime. Colonies were relatively healthy places to live.

6. Africans and Atlantic Slave Trade Africans brought to Jamestown as early as 1619, but as late as 1670, their numbers in VA were very small. Change in 1690 when rising wages in England discouraged immigration of white laborers. By the mid-1680s, African slaves outnumbered white servants in MD, VA, CA.

7. Slave trade from 1521-1773: Destination Sugar Plantations… Brazil-3,646,800 British West Indies-1,665,000 French West Indies-1,600,200 Spanish America-1,552,000 (Cuba alone) 702,000 Dutch West Indies 500,000

8. Least Amount of Slaves? United States and pre 1776 North America-399,000 Danish West Indies (Virgin Islands)-28,000

9. Middle Passage Discuss Amistad Voyages to the New World was 4 to 6 weeks. 12 -16 Million died in the passage from slave trade. African Diaspora? Define Diaspora…

10. Caribbean Slaves Large sugar plantations in the Caribbean. In both the Caribbean and Brazil, death rates were higher than those in a healthier climate of the Southern British colonies. Manumission (freeing of slave) was more common in Brazil. 2/3 of population of Portuguese Brazil were slaves.

11. The 13 Colonies Starting with Jamestown (VA) in 1607 and ending with Georgia in 1773, a total of 13 distinct colonies developed along the Atlantic Coast. Every colony received its identity and its authority to operate by means of a charter. Charter-a document granting special privileges by the English monarch.

12. English Colonies English colonies brought a tradition of representative government (unlike the French and Spanish colonists). English colonists were used to holding elections for representatives who would speak to for property owners. They would decide important measures such as taxes proposed by the King’s government.

13. English Colonies • Charters • Corporate Colony (Jamestown) • Granted a charter to stockholders (Joint stock companies) • Ex. Jamestown • Proprietary Colony • Granted a charter to individual or group by the the king’s authority. • Ex. Maryland, Pennsylvania • Royal Colony • Under direct control and rule of the king’s government • Ex. New Hampshire • Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal colonies, including Virginia, after 1624, and Massachusetts.

14. The First English Colonies • First Attempt: Roanoke in 1585 • First Permanent: Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 • John Smith – “he that will not work shall not eat” • John Rolfe - tobacco

15. Jamestown Early problems: Suffered because of their own mistakes. Location was a swampy area along James River resulted in dysentery and malaria. Worse was the gentlemen were not accustomed to physical labor. Gold-seeking adventurers refused to hunt or farm

16. Results of Problems of Jamestown No food- resulted in starvation among settlers. Starvation was a persistent issue. One key source of food was from Native Americans, but when conflicts began between settlers and natives, trade would stop and settlers went hungry. Who saves the day….

17. Who is this?

18. Oh yeah…Pocahontas

19. Disney’s John Smith

20. Hollywood’s John Smith

21. This is John Smith.

22. J. Smith, J. Rolfe, and Pocahontas • Through the forceful leadership of Captain John Smith, Jamestown survived its first five years, but barely. • Then with the help of John Rolfe and his native American wife, Pocahontas, the colony developed a new variety of tobacco that would become popular in Europe and become a profitable crop.

23. Transition to a Royal Colony • Despite tobacco, by 1624, the VA colony remained near collapse. • More than 6,000 people settled there but only 2,000 remained alive. • The VA Company made unwise decisions and placed it heavily in debt. • King James I revoked the charter of bankrupt colony and took direct control of VA.

24. Virginia Virginia became England’s first royal colony.

25. Plymouth and Mass. Bay Religious motivation, not search for wealth, was the principal force behind the settlement of two other colonies. Both were settled by English Protestants who dissented from the official government-supported Church of England (Anglican Church). The Church of England’s leader was the English monarch.

26. Church of Eng./Anglican Church Kept most of the Catholic rituals and governing structure. Dissenters, influenced by John Calvin, charged the Church of England should break away from Rome and Catholic Church. Dissenters also adopted Calvin’s doctrine of Predestination.

27. King James I Reigned from 1603 to 1625, viewed the religious dissenters as a threat to his religious authority and ordered them arrested and jailed. Radical dissenters to the Church of England were known as Separatists because they wanted to organize a completely separate from royal control.

28. Pilgrims Several hundred Separatists left England for Holland in search for religious freedom. Because of their travels, they become known as Pilgrims. Economic hardship and cultural differences with the Dutch led many of Pilgrims to seek another haven for their religion.

29. Pilgrims • Separatists left England and went to Holland then head for Virginia • Mayflower takes Separatists and others to Jamestown but weather complicates matters • Settlers decide to remain and establish Plymouth – 1620 • Fewer than 100 of the passengers on ship were Separatists; rest were seeking economic motives.

30. Mayflower Compact

31. Mayflower Compact Crowded with 100 separatists and non-separatists Landed in Cape Cod Colony was built in Plymouth Mayflower Compact was an agreement to form a government and obey its laws.

32. Mayflower Compact-Marker Event Mayflower Compact was important because it was an early step toward self-government that set the precedent for democratic governments to emerge. At first only land-owning males could elect representatives, but over time the voter base broadened to have a say in representative governments.

33. The Mayflower (II)

34. Wampanoag Dwelling

35. Plymouth Colony

36. Pulpit/Religion

37. Thirteen Colonies

38. New England • Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritans (1630) • John Winthrop and “city upon a hill” • Providence, Rhode Island, and Roger Williams (1636) • “Wall of separation” • Portsmouth and Anne Hutchinson (1638) • Antinomianism • Hartford, New Haven, Connecticut, and Thomas Hooker (1636-1637) • New Hampshire (1679)

39. New England and Religion • Massachusetts under strict Puritanical lifestyle • Religious toleration and dissent lead to Rhode Island • Halfway Covenant • Attempt to increase members • Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693) • Cotton Mather • Spectral evidence

40. Salem Witch Trials Discuss The Crucible Why did Henry Miller write the play? What was the evidence in condemning the “Witches”?See page 80 in Wood.

41. Family Life in New England Families came in groups. More children were born in New England than in Virginia and Maryland. Healthier and less diseases in New England. Long life expectancy in New England

42. Religion Religion dominated New Englanders’ lives. Only church members could vote in colony elections. Puritan leaders exercised great moral authority. Strict codes of conduct were imposed.

43. Codes of Conduct Fines were imposed of those found guilty of drunkenness or idleness. Premarital sex resulted in public humiliation of the couple Homosexuality was punishable by hanging

44. New England Politics • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) • First written constitution in America • Relations with Natives • New England Confederation (1643-1684) • Defense alliance among Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven • King Philip’s (Metacom) War (1675-1676) • New England Confederation defeats Wampanoag alliance

45. Middle Colonies • Development • New Amsterdam transferred to Duke of York in 1664 to become New York • Lands taken from New York to establish New Jersey by 1702 • Pennsylvania settled by Quakers • Delaware created by Pennsylvania (1702) • Economics • Develop wheat and corn farms • “Bread basket” of the colonies • Eventually into manufacturing and trade

46. Pennsylvania • William Penn establishes Quaker-based colony in Pennsylvania (1681) • Religious Society of Friends aka Quakers • Holy Experiment • Religious refuge • Liberal political ideals • Economic success • Frame of Government and Charter of Liberties

47. Southern Colonies • Maryland (1634) • Virginia (1607) • Carolinas (1663) • North Carolina (1729) • South Carolina (1729) • Georgia (1732)

48. Virginia • House of Burgesses in 1619 • First legislative assembly in the colonies • Becomes royal colony in 1624 • Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) • Inequities between large landowners and western farmers • Nathanial Bacon vs. William Berkeley • Headright System • 50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation owner who paid for immigrant

49. Maryland • Lord Baltimore establishes colony for Catholics • Act of Toleration (1649) • Toleration of all Christian sects • Death to those who denied Jesus • Religious civil war brought control to Protestants

50. Carolinas • North Carolina • Tobacco plantations • Well-established autonomy • South Carolina • Rice plantations • Became heavily dependent on slavery