SLEEP AND DREAMING

1. SLEEP AND DREAMING

2. November 29, 2012 Objectives: To develop an understanding of Sleep and Dreams. Question: How many hours of sleep a night do you get? How many hours does the average teenager need? Agenda: Notes/New Vocab & Obj.

3. SLEEP RESEARCH • ElectroencephalogramEEG - brain wave activity • Electro-oculogramEOG - eye movement activity • ElectromyogramEMG - muscle activity

4. WAKING EEG ACTIVITY • Alpha wave • synchronous - regular • 8 - 12 Hz (cps) • high amplitude, low frequency • characteristic of relaxed wakefulness

5. Beta wave • desynchronous - irregular • 13 - 40 Hz (cps) • low amplitude, high frequency • characteristic of behavioral arousal

6. SLEEPING EEG ACTIVITYTWO STATES OF SLEEP • NREM - 4 stages • Stage 1 - irregular EEG, slow eye movements • Stage 2 - sleep spindles

7. Stage 3 - high amplitude delta waves appear • Stage 4 - dominated by delta waves, 1 - 4 Hz

8. NREM sleep also known as • slow wave sleep - SWS • quiet sleep - physiological processes slow down

9. Final 5 What is the stage of sleep when we may experience hallucinations or a sense of falling?

10. REM SLEEP • EEG - irregular beta waves reappear • REM sleep also known as • paradoxical sleep • dream sleep - most vivid dreams occur now

11. and active sleep - physiological processes speed up

12. but you are PARALYZED

13. NREM-REM cycles last about 90 min • 1st half of night NREM REM • much stage 3 and 4, short REM periods

14. 2nd half of night NREM REM • very little stage 3 and 4, longer REM periods

15. STAMP TEST • Impotence • Physical or psychological disorder?

16. WHY DO WE SLEEP AND WHY DO WE DREAM? • Two major hypotheses - Sleep is • a restorative process

17. but what is restored? • The body? • NO

18. The brain? Yes • Sleep deprivation increases SWS, not REM • Exercise that increases brain temperature increases SWS

19. an evolutionary relic- • formerly adaptive • response, no longer • needed, but built in

20. Circadian Activity • endogenous 25 hr cycle entrained to 24 hr day by • suprachiasmatic nucleus

21. How much sleep do you need? • Answer - tremendous variability • Leonardo da Vinci

22. What are the effects of total sleep deprivation? • Peter Tripp - abnormal behavior • Randy Gardner - just sleepy

23. What are the effects of long sleep periods? • 14 hours of darkness for 30 days • Humans sleep like • chipmunks

24. % Time in Sleep 0 Time - Hrs 14

25. WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF DREAMS? Dreaming permits each and every one of us to be quietly and safely INSANE every night of our lives. ---- William Dement

26. CAN YOU INTERPRETTHISDREAM?

27. I was walking down the steps of the library, wearing my nightgown, cradling a bowl of raspberry Jell-O in my arms. At the foot of the staircase I could see the dim figure of my high school algebra teacher. His right arm was upraised and he was shouting at me, but I could not make out the words.

28. Suddenly, the scene shifted. I was traveling through a dense forest. The sun was setting and the forest deepened in darkness. I felt afraid. An unseen menace seemed to be following, but when I glanced back in fear, I saw one. I tried to run faster, but my legs would not respond. I was powerless to escape.

29. Freud - dreams are windows to the unconscious mind, dreams represent wish fulfillment - distinguish between manifest (actual) content and latent (hidden) content

30. Crick and Mitchinson - dreams erase information, we dream to forget

31. Hobson and McCarley - Activation/synthesis hypothesis - Dreams have no hidden meaning - simply by-products of brain activity

32. Winson - dreams process information into memory • Echida (spiny anteater) - no REM, large frontal lobes

33. Do Animals Dream? • Dogs and cats?

34. Do Animals Dream? • Dogs and cats? Likely

35. Do Animals Dream? • Dogs and cats? Likely • Dolphins?

36. Do Animals Dream? • Dogs and cats? Likely • Dolphins? ??????

37. Do Animals Dream? • Dogs and cats? Likely • Dolphins? ?????? • No REM sleep

38. Do Animals Dream? • Dogs and cats? Likely • Dolphins? ?????? • No REM sleep • SWS alternates between hemispheres

39. SLEEP DISORDERS

40. Sleep apnea - cannot sleep and breathe at the same time - may be related to sudden infant death syndrome - SIDS - controversial

41. Narcolepsy - attack of REM sleep, • often triggered by emotional arousal • 1 in 5000 people

42. Therapies for Narcolepsy • Stimulant drugs such as amphetamine - adverse side effects • New Drug - Provigil - not yet approved by FDA - few side effects - not a stimulant -

43. Sleep walking (somnabulism) and talking - genetic component • Occurs during slow wave sleep

44. Night terrors • Sudden arousal from slow wave sleep • Nightmares occur during REM sleep

45. Insomnias • Pseudoinsomnia • Recurring dreams of insomnia

46. Drug-Induced Insomnias • Barbiturates • lethal in overdose • benzodiazepines - Halcion • comparatively safe in overdose • lethal in combination with alcohol

47. SLEEPING PILLS CAUSE INSOMNIA, not normal sleep

48. Treatments for Insomnia • Melatonin • Mild hypnotic effect • Increases longevity?

49. Treatments for Insomnia • Exposure to bright light during morning hours • Where do you shine the light? • Eyes. Where else? • Behind your knees

50. Treatments for Insomnia • Tryptophan • Precursor of serotonin, induces normal sleep • Carbohydrates, not proteins, increase brain tryptophan levels