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Explore the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, including key events and influential figures such as Lee, Meade, and Buford. Learn about the societal challenges faced in the South and North during the Civil War, including changing roles of women and legislative acts. Delve into the aftermath of Gettysburg, the Chattanooga campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea, and the Atlanta Campaign.
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Gettysburg Set-Up • Army of Northern VA – Lee • Key commanders = • Longstreet (Lee’s Key subordinate) • Ewell (replaced Stonewall Jackson) • A.P Hill • Jeb Stuart Cavalry leader • Army of the Potomac • June 27th Joseph Hooker resigns b/c Lincoln refused to give him additional troops • George G. Meade takes over command • John Buford Cavalry leader
The Road to Gettysburg • Lee crosses the Potomac river above Harper’s Ferry and moves quickly through MD to PA • John Buford and cavalry arrive at Gettysburg • Key defensive location • 10 roads converge – key transportation hub • Strategically great location • Meade is in MD • Prefers to fight a defensive battle • He wants to fight Lee at Pipe Creek • Orders get confused and troops move towards Gettysburg to help Buford
Problems in the South • Runaway inflation – almost 9,000% • Class resentment • Those w/20+ slaves exempt from service • Upper class could afford substitutes • 50,000 were purchased • High desertion rates • 1/4 of the slaves escaped to Union lines – the rest were increasingly disobedient • Peace movements spring up
Northern Society • Decline in sale of products consumed/supplied by South – cotton goods, shoes for slaves, construction • Plentiful jobs but high inflation • Quarter master Dept. single largest U.S. employer w/thousands of manufacturing contracts
Union • Lower paid at first - 54th Massachusetts refuse pay and their officers join protest • Given menial jobs • Segregated units with white officers • A few came from other places besides the North – Canada, Africa, France, escaped from South
Violent attacks on black businesses, orphanages, homes • Also attacked homes of upper-class whites who could afford to pay a substitute to avoid the draft • A reflection of the gap between rich and poor
Changing Roles of Women • South • Clerk jobs • School teachers for the first time • North • Form the backbone of U.S Sanitary Commission – nutrition/1st aid • Professionalization of nursing
Extensive Legislation PassedWithout the South in Congress • 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act • 1862 – Homestead Act - • 1862 – Legal Tender Act • 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act • 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation • 1863 – Pacific Railway Act • 1863 – National Bank Act
Emancipation • March 1862 – gradual emancipation - states choice • Wanted to colonize African Americans in Caribbean/South America • Confiscation act (1862) take property of anyone supporting the rebellion • September 1862 – Post-Antietam = threat to Confederacy put down arms or lose slaves • Jan 1, 1863 – formal Emancipation Proclamation for Confederate States Only • 1864 Election – Republican Platform contained 13th Amendment proposition
Chickamauga/Chattanooga • September 1863 – November 1863 • If Union can capture Chattanooga they can go down Railroad to Deep South • Union – Army of the Cumberland = Rosecrans • Confederate = Army of TN = Bragg • Initial Confederate victory – Bragg then institutes a siege on Chattanooga where Union has fallen back to • Part of Army of the Potomac arrive in TN • Grant is now in overall command of West – fires Rosecrans
Chattanooga • Another decisive battle for the Union in the West • Chattanooga was now PERMANENTLY in Union Control • November 26th – coincientally the day following the end of the Battle of Chattanooga, was declared as a national day of Thanksgiving by President Lincoln • This date had been set on Oct. 3, 1863 following Gettysburg in the middle of the siege on Chattanooga
Atlanta – July1864 • Atlanta = 2nd most important Confederate city left • Confederacy – Army of TN – Johnston • 60,000 men • Union – Grand Federal Army – Sherman • 100,000 men • Contained the Armies of THE Cumberland, TN, & OH • 10 weeks of fighting following the railroad down to Atlanta • Union forced Johnston back across the Chattahoochie River towards Atlanta
Atlanta Continued • 3 separate battles around Atlanta • Confederates lose each one • Part of Union Army goes South around Atlanta to cut off Southern RR in • Confederates incorrectly believe it’s a diversion • By September 2, 1864 Atlanta is evacuated and in Union control
Types of Warfare Limited War – Make war on armies not armies, civilians, and property Total War – Everything (armies, civilians, property) consumed by the war or involved in it War of Attrition – the side with the greatest resources uses their power to wear down the other side
March to the SeaNov. 1864 – Dec. 1864 • Atlanta to Savannah = 300,000 miles • Tore up the landscape • Property damage emphasized – not harm to civilians • Took livestock, crops, burned factories, homes,etc • Goal was to undermine the morale of the Confederacy and destroy the economy
Sherman’s March Overall • 650,000 Miles • Under 100 marching days • Captured 3 state capitals – GA, SC, NC • Lost less than 600 men
South had abandoned Richmond=capital • Not a courthouse • Unconditional Surrender
John Wilkes Booth – Ford’s Theater • Confederate Sympathizers Conspiracy • Same day as a ceremony at Fort Sumter – Lincoln chose to see a play instead of attending