Reformation

1. Reformation

2. Prelude to Reformation: Northern Ren. • Luther did not have first reform movement • Most important characteristic of Northern Humanism was REFORM

3. Prelude to Reformation: Northern Ren. • Erasmus • Symbol of the movement • Praise of Folly • Thomas More • Utopia

4. Martin Luther • 1505 caught in thunderstorm • 1512 received doctorate, became professor @ U. of Wittenberg

5. Martin Luther • According to Luther: • Justification by faith alone • Bible sole authority • Known as the twin pillars of the Protestant Reformation

6. Martin Luther • Indulgence controversy: • Leo X needed to finance St. Peter’s Basilica • Johann Tetzel: “as soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”

7. Martin Luther • In response to indulgences being abused, Luther issued his Ninety- Five Theses • Leo X responded to Luther as “some drunken German who will amend his ways when he sobers up” • 1519: debate w/ Johann Eck • Luther denied the authority of popes

8. Martin Luther • 3 Pamphlets in 1520: • 1. Address to the Nobility of the German Nation….written in German, called for princes to establish a reformed German Church • 2. The Babylonian Captivity of the Church…written in Latin, argued for only 2 sacraments (Baptism & Eucharist)

9. Martin Luther • 3 Pamphlets cont. • 3. On the Freedom of a Christian Man…faith alone, not good works (“Good works do not make a good man, but a good man does good works”)

10. Martin Luther • Excommunicated in Jan. of 1521 • Diet of Worms (1521) • Emperor Charles V asked Luther to recant • Luther refused • Edict of Worms • Luther made an outlaw

11. Martin Luther • Peasants’ War • Social discontent got intertwined with religious revolt • Peasants looked to Luther for support • Luther responds with his pamphlet: Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants

12. Charles V

13. Charles V • 1519: Charles I of Spain (Maximilian’s grandson) was elected HRE as Charles V • Faced FOUR major problems: • 1. French • 2. Turks • 3. Papacy • 4. Germany’s internal disorder

14. Charles V’s 4 problems • 1. French (Hapsburg-Valois Wars-1521-59): • French king, Francis I encircled by Hapsburg land • 2. Turks: Ottoman Turks progressing west, overran Hungary & moved into Austria (peace in 1545) Francis I (1515-47)

16. Charles V’s 4 problems • 3. Papacy: Fearful of Charles’ power in Italy, Pope Clement VII sided w/ the French in the second Hap.-Val. Wars…1527 Rome was sacked

17. Charles V’s 4 problems • 4. German internal issues: • 1530: Diet of Augsburg…Charles demanded that all Lutherans return to Catholicism by April 1531 (Schmalkaldic League formed)

18. Charles V’s 4 problems • 4. German internal issues: cont. • 1555: Peace of Augsburg …division of Christianity formally acknowledged, Lutheranism granted same legal rights as Catholicism • Right of the German ruler to determine the religion of his subjects, not the right of the subjects to choose their religion

19. Reformation Elsewhere

20. Zwingli & the Swiss Ref. • Swiss Confederation: • 13 self-governing states (cantons) • Technically part of the HRE, but they have been basically independent since Swiss forces defeated Maximilian (1499) • Weak economy • Used to selling soldiers as mercenaries

21. Zwingli & the Swiss Ref. • Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) • Strongly influenced by Christian Humanism • Looked to the state to supervise church • Relics abolished

22. All paintings and decorations removed Music eliminated Disagreed with Luther over the Lord’s Supper (Marburg colloquy ) Zwingli & the Swiss Ref.

23. Zwingli & the Swiss Ref. • Zwingli: Believed “This is my Body, This is my blood” should be taken figuratively, not literally • Luther: insisted on the real presence of the body and blood of Jesus

24. Radical Reformation: Anabaptists • Especially attractive to peasants, weavers, miners who were effected by economic changes • Advocated adult rather than infant baptism Thomas Müntzerwas one of the founders of the Anabaptist movement.

25. Radical Reformation: Anabaptists • Followed strict type of democracy, where all believers are equal • Believed in complete separation of church and state

26. Henry VIII • Wanted todivorce Catherine of Aragon • b/c she did not produce a male heir • Fell in love with Anne Boleyn

27. Pope Clement VII refused Possibly would have been granted…but in 1527 Rome was sacked, made pope dependent on HRE Charles V was nephew of Catherine Henry VIII

28. Henry VIII • Abolished papal authority in England • Divorced Catherine, married Anne Boleyn • 3 months later had future Queen Elizabeth

29. Henry VIII • 1534—Parliament completed break of the Church of England with Rome • Passed the Act of Supremacy & Treason Act

30. Henry VIII • Little changed within the doctrine, theology, & ceremony • Since most religious doctrines remained the same, most people were indifferent to the new Church of England

31. Henry VIII • 1536-Beheaded Anne Boleyn on charges of adultery

32. Henry VIII • Third wife —Jane Seymour, produced male heir…died in childbirth • Fourth wife---Anne of Cleves (German princess)…Henry VIII divorced her because of her looks

33. Henry VIII • 5th wife---Catherine Howard …committed adultery and was beheaded • 6th wife--- Catherine Parr…outlived the king

34. Divorced Beheaded Died Divorced Survived Beheaded

35. Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Seymour Mary I Elizabeth I

36. Edward VI • Anglican Church moved in a more Protestant direction

37. Mary • Devout Roman Catholic • Not popular with British people • Married Philip II of Spain • Burned 300 Protestants at the stake

38. Elizabeth • Elizabethan Settlement • Politique – moderate • Hierarchy, elaborate robes and traditional services for Catholics • Service in English and priests could marry for Protestants • Foreign Policy supported Netherlands against SP

39. John Calvin (1509-64) • Second generation of reformers • Influenced by Luther • Agreed with justification by faith alone • Institutes of the Christian Religion

40. John Calvin (1509-64) • 2 sacraments • Baptism • Lord’s Supper • Predestination • God had predestined some to be saved, others to be damned

41. Geneva “City of Saints” • Genevan Consistory – laymen and pastors – Christianize • Regulated all aspects of life – no dancing, card playing, drinking • Religious Refugees see Geneva as a model • Becomes international brand of Protestantism • : John Knox – Presbyterian Church Scotland • Huguenots in France and Puritans in New Eng.

42. Catholic/Counter Reformation • Council of Trent • Called by Pope Paul III • Council reaffirmed traditional Church teachings • Faith & good works • 7 sacraments • Transubstantiation • Purgatory

43. Catholic/Counter Reformation • Holy Office – official agency to combat heresy – not left to locals • Index of Prohibited Books • Ended simony (sale of church offices) • Ended sale of indulgences • Ended pluralism – bishops had to live in dioceses they served

44. Catholic/Counter Reformation • Society of Jesus • Known as the Jesuits • Founded by Ignatius of Loyola • Injured in battle • Unable to continue life as a soldier, vowed to become soldier for God • The Spiritual Exercises

45. Catholic/Counter Reformation • Society of Jesus • pursued 3 major activities: • Established highly disciplined schools • Mission work in New World and Asia • Determined to carry the Catholic banner and fight Protestantism (Southern Netherlands and Poland)

46. Reformation & Women • Favored clerical marriage • Taught women should follow biblical vocation • Mother • Housewife • Husband + wife = co-workers

47. Reformation & Women • End of monasteries = loss of a vocation for European women • In protestant cities harsh penalties for prostitution

48. Miguel de Cervantes • worked for a Spanish Cardinal • Fought in the Battle of Lepanto • Slave in Algiers • Tax collector • Don Quixote • Wrote during the Golden Age of Spain • 1 of the greatest literary works of all time

49. Shakespeare • During the Golden Age of England (“Elizabethan Age”) • Wrote histories, comedies, tragedies • Romeo & Juliet (1597) • Hamlet (1603) • Othello (1604) • King Lear (1605) • Macbeth (1606)