Reformation

1. Reformation AP notes

2. Philip IV (the Fair) 1296 excommunicated by Boniface VIII Engineered election of Clement V Began Avignon Papacy Babylonian Captivity 1309-1377 Pope Clement V: 1305–1314 Pope John XXII: 1316–1334 Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342 Pope Clement VI: 1342–1352 Pope Innocent VI: 1352–1362 Pope Urban V: 1362–1370 Pope Gregory XI: 1370–1378 Church 1300-1577

3. Great Schism • 1378—Pope Gregory XI returns to Rome • April 8, 1378 Bartolommeo Prignano, later Urban VI, elected by Conclave of Cardinals • Roman mob influenced the decision, even though he was morally the perfect candidate. • His election caused his character to change—becomes rough and extravagant

4. September 20, 1378: Growing dissatisfaction with Urban VI caused 13 members of the Sacred College to enter the Conclave at Fondi (Naples) • Pope Robert of Geneva was elected, who took the name of Clement VII and resided at Avignon. • Two popes divided Europe: Italian and German states, England, and Flanders supported the Pope of Rome. • France, Spain, Scotland, and all the nations in the orbit of France were for the Pope of Avignon. • Boniface IX succeeded Urban VI at Rome, followed by Gregory XII • Benedict XIII was elected Pope after the death of Clement VII of Avignon.

5. 1409--Council of Pisa--cardinals elected Pietro Cardinal Philarghi as Alexander V, adding a third claimant to the Papal Throne instead of two. • Many conferences, projects, discussions (often times violent), interventions of the civil powers, and catastrophes of all kinds followed. • 1414--the Council of Constance--deposed all previous popes. On November 11 1417, the assembly elected Odo Colonna, who took the name of Martin V, thus ending the Great Schism.

6. Religious life • Majority of religious life in villages • Priests were peasants and poor • Most priests were spiritually equal to their flock • Education not enforced: most could barely read or write

7. Religious Critics • Focused on three areas of concern: • Clerical immorality • Clerical ignorance • Clerical pluralism and absenteeism

8. Clerical Immorality • Absolute celibacy accepted as church doctrine since 4th century • Difficult to enforce • Concubines • Drunkenness • Gambling • Ostentation

9. Absenteeism and Pluralism • Many clerics held several benefices simultaneously, but rarely, if ever visited them • Did not perform spiritual responsibilities, but collected revenue; Money collected was sent to Rome to pay Italian priests’ salaries • Government officials given high church offices, which then governed the church

10. Bishops worked for their state and the church; the church paid for their services to the state. • In most countries, members of the nobility held the highest church offices • Most lived in splendor (not fishermen as Christ’s disciples had been) • Popes lived like secular princes: • Pius II (1458-1464) loved stories, poetry • Sixtus IV (1471-1484) beautified Rome: Sistine Chapel, artists

11. Innocent VIII (1484-1492) lived in luxury and scandal: advanced material wealth of his own family • Alexander VI (1492-1503) had mistress and children he publicly acknowledged • Supported intrigue, promiscuity, poisonings; • The Borgia name was synonymous with moral corruption.

12. ! • Attempts at Church Reform

13. Spain: Cardinal Francisco Jimenez • 1495—He and Queen Isabella worked to reform the Church in Spain. • In 1507 : made a cardinal and Grand Inquisitor; 1516 after death of Ferdinand, was a secular as well as the ecclesiastical ruler of Spain. • Very strict: insisted on the friars reforming their lives and lead good lives; if they did not, he would take steps to see to it that the friary would be removed or suppressed. • Promoted education and especially the study of the Bible. • Founded the University of Alcala to provide for clerical education. • He was responsible for polyglot edition of the Bible.

14. Holland: • Brethren of the Common Life: lived in simplicity • Fed hungry • Clothed naked • Visited sick • Taught in local schools • Religion was to be personal, inner experience • Thomas a Kempis: The Imitation of Christ • Christ is model • Perfection in simple life • Centrality of scriptures in spiritual life • Movement seen in Netherlands, Central Germany, Rhineland

15. Perception of Catholic Church • Most people loyal to church • Local saints honored • Pilgrimages to great shrines • Church received money in wills • Papacy wanted reforms: 1512-1517 Pope Julius II summoned Ecumenical Council • Recommended higher education for clergy • Papacy responsible for bureaucratic corruption • Doctrinal reforms suggested • Too many obstacles to this reform

16. Martin Luther • 1483-1564 b. Esleben Saxony • Second son of copper miner • University of Erfurt • Masters of distinction by age 21 • Studied to be lawyer, but thunderstorm changed his destiny

17. 1505: Luther enters monastery of Augustinian Friars • 1507: Ordained as a priest/earned doctorate of theology • 1512-1546: Professor of the Scriptures at University of Wittenberg • Luther was conscientious friar, but constantly worried about his abilities to meet God’s demands • John Staupitz: Luther’s confessor, suggested he study Gospels: St. Paul’s letters: Revelation—Salvation through FAITH in Christ, not external observances and penance

18. Events Leading to 95 Theses • Archbishop Albert held three benefices: • Magdeburg • Halberstadt • Mainz • Papal dispensation needed to hold three offices simultaneously: Pope Leo X, building St. Peter’s Basilica, needed money • Albert borrows money from Fuggar family (wealthy bankers in Augsburg) to pay for the papal dispensation • Pope Leo X authorizes Albert to sell indulgences within his duchy to pay off debt • People streamed across border from Saxony to Jutenborg and Thuringia to buy indulgences

19. Indulgences • Doctrine rested on three principles: • God is merciful but just • Christ and the saints established a Treasury of Merits (with all of the good works and miracles done on earth) and the church can draw upon these as needed • Church has the authority to grant sinners the spiritual benefits of those merits

20. Originally, indulgence was for remission of temporal (priest imposed) penalty for sin • Later, people believed in total remission for sin, either earthly or in purgatory. • Albert hired Dominican Friar John Tetzel to sell indulgences • Tetzel was business tycoon • Advertising blitz to sell indulgences: • Slogans: “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs”

21. Tetzel very successful • Indulgences bought for living and deceased; • Created Chart with prices for forgiveness of certain sins • (Church had no official doctrine on indulgences, so Luther wanted to discuss the subject critically • Posted a letter to the Archbishop Albert called 95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences

22. 95 Theses • Indulgences undermined seriousness of sacrament of penance • Competed with preaching of the Gospel • Downplayed importance of charity in Christian life

23. By 1517, 95 Theses translated into German and published • Luther rejected salvation through good works • Some theses challenged pope’s authority to grant indulgences • Others criticized papal wealth • Luther said there was no Biblical basis for indulgences • His opponents said: to deny the legality of indulgences=denying the authority of the pope who authorized them

24. Where did Authority lie in the Christian Church? • 1518-1519, Luther studies history of papacy • 1519: Luther and Catholic debater John Eck met at Leipzig • Luther denied authority of pope and infallibility of the General Council • Luther claimed Council of Constance wrong in its condemnation of Jan Hus

25. Papal Response • Letter from pope sent to Luther • Condemned some of Luther’s propositions • Ordered his books to be burned • Gives him two months to recant or be excommunicated • LUTHER BURNS THE LETTER PUBLICLY • Jan 3, 1521: Luther’s excommunication to become final: more than religion: Germany in revolt

26. Charles V • 21 years old • First Diet (assembly of the Estates of the Empire called at Worms • Luther ordered to recant • He does not • Charles V declares Luther an outlaw • Duke Frederick of Saxony protects Luther

27. Luther at Diet of Worms