Perinatal HIV Screening in Colorado: Help Needed!

1. Perinatal HIV Screening in Colorado: Help Needed! Kay Kinzie MSN, FNP-C Pregnancy Coordinator Children’s Hospital Immunodeficiency Program

2. A Word About “CHIP” • Existing since 1992 to care for HIV infected children, Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials site • After participation in PACTG 076 trial, increased involvement in maternal HIV screening and care • Multidisciplinary team now caring for HIV positive children, youth, expectant mothers, and exposed newborns • Contracted by Colorado Department of Health and Environment for resource on perinatal HIV testing.

3. HIV Transmission and Pathophysiology

4. HIV Transmission • Mucosal/parenteral contact with infected: • Blood • Breast Milk • Semen • Vaginal Fluid

5. Fever 96% Adenopathy 74% Pharyngitis 70% Rash 70% Myalgias 54% Diarrhea 32% Headache 32% N+V 27% Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly 14% Weight Loss 13% Thrush 12% Neurologic 12% Symptoms of Acute Retroviral Syndrome

6. Hematologic Events in Adult Acute HIV Retroviral Syndrome • High viral replication • Sharp initial decline in CD4 cells • Development of HIV-specific antibodies • 6 weeks- 3 months • “Window” period • Viral “set point”

7. Early Asymptomatic HIV Disease in Adults • 50% progression to AIDS within 8-10 years • 5% “rapid progressors” • 5% long term “non progressors” • Long latency period • Asymptomatic- “HIV Positive” • Ability to infect other hosts

10. HIV/AIDS in Colorado Epidemiologic Profile CDPHE June 2004 Comparing Gender Characteristics HIV 1999-2003 AIDS 1985-1989 Female 5% Female (196) 16% Male (1049) 84% Male 95%

11. Demographics of HIV-infected Women who Delivered a Child in Colorado by Percent

12. Children Born to HIV-infected Women in Colorado by Area of Residence at Birth, Colorado 6/30/2006 • 30/64 counties had births to HIV infected women

13. Pediatric HIV Infection • > 92% due to vertical transmission • Acute Retroviral Syndrome superimposed on immature infant immune system • High levels of HIV viremia • Longer duration of viremia (years) before achievement of viral “set point” • 20% of infants progress to AIDS within 4 years • Median age at death 11 months • PCP pneumonia- 50% mortality rate in infants

15. Vertical (Mother to Child) HIV Transmission • 25- 30% risk without treatment • Timing • Antepartum 30% • Acute retroviral syndrome or advanced disease • Intrapartum 70% • Maternal-fetal microtransfusion • Fetal mucous membrane or percutaneous exposure • Breastfeeding 16% • Infection in early breastfeeding period, incremental risk with duration of nursing

18. Strategies to Interrupt Vertical HIV Transmission • Reduce maternal HIV viral load • Antepartum maternal combination ARV • Chemoprophylaxis of neonate • Maternal intrapartum ARV meds • Zidovudine, Nevirapine, others • * Continue infant dosing until 6 weeks of age • Reduce fetal/neonatal exposure to infected fluids • Limit duration of ruptured maternal membranes (4 hrs) • Limit invasive procedures (amnio, SVE, internal monitors) • Elective C Section at 38 weeks • Avoid breastfeeding

19. Rate of Perinatal HIV-1 Transmissionby ARV Therapy Category Placebo No Rx ZDV ZDV ZDV ZDV Combo - PI -NVP ZDV + 3TC Combo+ PI +NVP ACTG 076 ACTG 185 French Trial WITS ACTG 316

20. Current estimated risk of vertical HIV transmission • No therapy, vaginal delivery 25 % • ZDV prophylaxis 5-8 % • ZDV, elective Cesarean 2% • Undetectable viral load 0.9% • < 10,000 copies/ml + C/S 2% • > 10,000 copies/ml + C/S 4.5% ACOG Technical Bulletin 8/99, ACTG case review 1998

21. Timing of ARV Prophylaxis is Linked to Infant Outcome • Retrospective Epidemiologic Study 8/1/1995-1/1/1997 • New York State • 939 infants with perinatal HIV exposure • Moms with no prenatal care or chose to limit meds Wade, NA. Abbreviated regimens of zidovudine prophylaxis and perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. NEJM 1998: 339 (20).

22. Results

23. The “Take Home” • 92% of pediatric HIV result of vertical transmission • With intervention, risk of vertical transmission can be reduced to < 1% • Timing of interventions significantly affects infant outcomes: 48 hour window • Effective maternal screening is key

24. Current Testing and Treatment Guidelines aidsinfo.nih.gov

25. Endorsements for Rapid Testing of Women with Unknown HIV Status at Labor/Delivery • American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists • Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health and Human Services • The Office of the Inspector General(OIG) in the Department of Health and Human Services • Institute of Medicine (IOM) • American Academy of Pediatrics • Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

26. Vertical HIV Transmission Continues • CDC estimates 280-370* infants continue to be born annually with HIV infection • Missed opportunities for maternal care • Mother not offered or refused HIV testing • Mothers with no prenatal care (40%) * Estimates based upon report of Office of Inspector General, Department of Health and Human Services 2002

27. Live Births in Colorado by HIV Test and Prenatal Care Status, 2005CDPHE Birth Certificates/Vital RecordsData • 69,210 live births in Colorado • 11,263 (16.6%) did not receive a prenatal HIV test • 795 (1.2%) did not receive prenatal care • 400 (0.3%) lacked both a prenatal HIV test and prenatal care

28. Prenatal HIV Testing: Birth Certificate Data • 2005 testing varied from 53.4% to 99.8% • Average rate 85% • Low rates in some metropolitan sites in counties with higher case numbers

29. PRAMS • Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Survey • Randomized selected sample • Maternal interviews • Results (1999 data, CDPHE) • 72 % of mothers reported they had been tested for HIV • 7% unsure

30. Timing of HIV Testing in HIV-infected Women who Delivered a Child in Colorado by HIV Status of Child, 6/30/2006

31. Case 1 • Married, employed 26 y/o primigravida in private MFM practice. • Reports recent (within 1 year) HIV screen negative; test done for immigration purposes • Declined HIV testing x2 • Uncomplicated pregnancy, delivery; nursing infant • Infant hospitalized with pneumonia at age 4 mos • Opportunistic pathogen (PCP) • Child tested for HIV and found to be infected • Parents subsequently tested, both positive

32. Case 2 • 25 yo G4 P3 new to state • Presents in labor, no local prenatal care • Routine prenatal panel and HIV test sent • Vaginal delivery within hours of arrival • Maternal HIV antibody screen positive on postpartum day 3; confirmed on postpartum day 5 • Infant infected

33. Case 3 • 22 you G3 P2 presents in labor with no prenatal care • Rapid HIV antibody performed, result positive • Mother counseled re: possible infection • Intrapartum meds given • Infant placed on prophylaxis after delivery • Maternal infection confirmed on pp day 3 • Infant uninfected

34. Rapid HIV testing at delivery is needed • Improved efforts to screen all expectant and breastfeeding mothers is needed • Rapid testing may positively impact prenatal testing rates once initiated

35. Issues with HIV Rapid Testing at Delivery • Availability of rapid test for clinical use • Obtaining counseling and consent during labor • Ordering and performing the test • Confidentiality and informing of positive results • Treatment decisions for mother and baby must be made on initial, unconfirmed result • Treatment availability (parenteral, pediatric formulations) • Adequate follow up of family after discharge • Cost/reimbursement issues

36. Collaborative Project • Combined efforts of CDPHE and CHIP • Systematic outreach, training and support to delivery sites around CO: • Train staff to perform pretest counseling/consent • Initiate rapid HIV testing when needed • 24 hour access to expert perinatal treatment consultants via pager/answering service • Assist with treatment, follow up testing and referral for infected/affected families

37. An Invitation • Calls welcome to discuss how our project can assist your site • Implementation of rapid HIV testing at delivery sites • Assistance to referring providers and clinics to continue/improve universal voluntary HIV prenatal screening • Kay Kinzie MSN, FNP-CPregnancy Coordinator, CHIP 13123 E 16th Ave Box B055 Aurora CO 80045 720-777-6006 • 24 Hour Perinatal HIV Pager: 1-888-787-5947