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Constructionism: S parts

Constructionism: S parts. NRB 258 Thu 11-Jul-2005 12:30-2ish PM. Collaborators Past Biological Grants Present Analytic Tech Transfer Future Synthetic Courses Computational Citizenship.

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Constructionism: S parts

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  1. Constructionism: S parts NRB 258 Thu 11-Jul-2005 12:30-2ish PM Collaborators Past Biological Grants Present Analytic Tech Transfer Future Synthetic Courses Computational Citizenship

  2. Why discuss the big picture? What do I do? What do we do? Grants & reviews. Recruit Faculty, postdocs, students, staff TAC, PQE, courses, symposia, press Lab, dept., school, international policy Editor time & quality Companies, IP, secrecy, competition So why am I still smiling? Invention. Sharing. Teamwork. Integration as a specialty. Grand Challenges. Quantitative not qualitative. Quality/$ not quantity/sec. Automation is economics, but also epistemology of our craft. http://www.chez.com/cropcircles/Nazca.htm

  3. Grand Challenges • Infection-proofing • Vaccines • New genetic codes , chirality • $1K Genome • Bioweathermap • Low-senescence, low-cancer stem cells • Neuroimaging • Autofabrication • Space

  4. 3 Exponential technologies(synergistic) Computation & Communication (bits/sec~m$) E.coli operons Synthesis (amu/project~M$) tRNA urea B12 Analysis (kamu~base/$) telegraph tRNA Shendure J, Mitra R, Varma C, Church GM, 2004 Nature Reviews of Genetics. Carlson 2003 ; Kurzweil 2002; Moore 1965

  5. (MS: Kyriacos Leptos, Michael Chou, Dat Nguyen)(SynReg: Aimee Dudley, Priya Dutta, Noel Goddard, Dana Pe'er,Daniel Janse)(Metab: Aaron Brandes, Xiaoxia Lin, Gary Gao, Wayne Rindone, Jeremy Zucker)(Plone: Greg Porreca, Abraham Rosenbaum, Jay Shendure, Kun Zhang, Shawn Douglas, Joseph Chou,Michael Wang, Madeleine Price, Chris Varma)(Adnan Derti, Pedro de Magalhaes, Madhu Nikku, Dheeresh Patel)(SynBio: Farren Isaacs, Nick Reppas, Jingdong Tian, Sasha Wait, Hui Gong, John Tsang) (Cindy Vallaro, Mayra Mollinedo) (Imaging: John Aach, Natasha Novikov, Benjamin Williams) (Motifs: Rhonda Harrison, Allegra Petti, Zhou Zhu, Julie Greenberg) (3DReg: Mark Umbarger, Matthew Wright, Peter Kharchenko) Summer'05:Nomso Agunwamba, Resmi Charalel, Yetunde Ibrahim, Michelle Kuykendal, Mirko Palla, Xavier Rios New Fellows: Andy Levin, Gil Alterovitz,Jayant Rajan Present http://arep.med.harvard.edu/gclab3.htm

  6. Shared interests http://arep.med.harvard.edu/gmc/collab.html Daley Stem/germ-cell DNA methylation, cancer drug resistance Struhl Human haematopoetic stem cell model Mitra, Gottlieb, Sherley Polonies & Stem Cells Chisholm,Polz,JGI Single-cell sequencing Prochlorococcus Ruvkun Environmental microbes & Mars Ausubel, Kolter, Lory Biofilms Laub,Dekker 3D chromosome Perrimon RNAi & Imaging Wu Pairing & homologous recombination Letvin T-cell recognition of HIV gag x MHC diversity Jacobson rE.coli (re-engineered E.coli)

  7. Technology Transfer http://arep.med.harvard.edu/gmc/tech.html CRI GTC Agencourt APG CollabDiag OscientPC Beckmann-Coulter '61 '93 '98 GPC '03 '05 Seq: Ambergen, Helicos, Caliper, MJR, NEN, Agencourt . SysteMS: BeyondGenomics, ThermoFinnigan, Genomatica Syn: Xeotron/Invitrogen/Atactic, Nimblegen, CodonDevices SAB: David Baker(UW), George Church(HMS), Jim Collins(BU), Drew Endy(MIT), Mike Elowitz(Caltech), Mike Hunkapiller (Alloy), Joe Jacobson(MIT), David Liu(Harvard), Jay Keasling(UCB), Paul Modrich(Duke), Christina Smolke(Caltech), Ron Weiss(Princeton).

  8. Biological bases Prochlorococcus 1.7M Solar energy & CO2 fix Caulobacter 4.0 M 3D chromosome & cell structure Escherichia 4.8M Genetic codes Saccharomyces 12.0M Regulatory codes Mus 3.0 G Embryonic stem cells Homo 3.0 G Cancer & personal genomics

  9. 73-74 Mycoplasma 74-77 Computational crystallography: CORELS, 1st folded-NA 77-78 DNA lattices & sequencing: 1st plasmid 78-80 RNA&DNAsplicing: ribozymes & meganucleases 80-85 Genomic sequencing: Ig-enhancers, 5mC 84-86 Embryonic stem cells 86-94 Multiplexing: 1st genome Helicobacter 89-05 Proteomics (E.coli, Mycoplasma, stem cells) 91-05 Oligo array synthesis 95-05 RNA arrays 97-05 Polonies chromosome fold/pair 01-05 Synthetic Biology (&lattices) 04-05 Stem cells epigenetics, 04-05 Personal (open) Genomics Technological

  10. Computational 74-77 3D DNA/RNA/protein modeling 77-86 Seq-imaging, motifs, DNA-design-editors 86-95 Automation & GUIs 95-98 Gene finding, proteomics 97-05 Clustering, DNA motifs 01-05 FBA, ODE, SysBio 03-05 SynBio design CAD 03-05 Personal Genomics & imaging

  11. Grants http://arep.med.harvard.edu/gmc/sponsor.html 86-97 HHMI (partial list) 87-02 DOE-HGP (90- GTC, MIT, Stanford HGP) 97-01 Lipper Foundation 98-01 Aventis 98-01 DARPA-Ultrascale computing 01-05 DARPA-BioSpice 01-04 NHLBI-PGA (Seed/Seigo/Seidman) 02-07 DOE-GTL (04 SynBio supplement) 02-05 PhRMA 02-05 Stem cells (Zon) Computional 03-08 NIGMS-SysBio (Murray) 04-09 NGHRI-CEGS Polony/Stem cells 06-11 NHGRI (Jacobson) 06-11 NSF (Keasling) 06-11 NHGRI (Forster) 06-08 Harvard Stem Cell Inst. & BioEngineering

  12. Synthetic Biology Synth chem & biomimetics Drug biosynth Sensors Energy Materials Vaccines Synthetic regulatory circuits Genetic engineering Synthetic Genomics Metabolic engineering Analytic chem & omics Minimal genomes Systems biology & protein design Synthetic proteomics

  13. Custom chip projects http://arep.med.harvard.edu/web2/chips.htm

  14. Engineering Biological Systems Action Specificity %KO "Design" Small molecules (drugs)sec Varies Varies Hard Antibodies min Varies Varies Hard RNAi hr Varies Medium OK Riboregulators hr Varies Medium + /- Insertion "traps" day Yes Varies Random Recombination day Perfect Complete Easy Proteasome targeting min Excellent Medium Easy Physical environment sec-day Microfabrication sec-day

  15. DNA motif target & quantitative effects (via homologous recombination) 1.3 2.4 (1.3 in DargR) 1.1 1.3 0.7 2.5 0.2 1.4 1.4 3.5 RNA Ratio (motif- to wild type) for each flanking gene Bulyk, McGuire,Masuda,Church 2004 Genome Res. 14:201–208

  16. Why Synthetic Genomes & Proteomes? • Test or engineer cis-DNA/RNA-elements • Drug biosynthesis e.g. Artemesinin (malaria) • Epitopes & vaccines. • Unnatural aa & post-translational modifications • De novo protein design & selection. • Humanizing imm/tox systems, E.colizing codons • 20 bit in vivo counters • Why whole genomes? • Changing the genetic code, • safety, genome stability, • enhanced restriction, recombination

  17. Constructing new genetic codes(two examples) 1. Codons: 313 UAG stop > UAA stop 2. Delete RF1 (1 free codon, for new aa e.g. PEG-pAcPhe-hGH) 1. Codons: AGY Ser > UCX Ser 2. tRNAs: AGY Ser > AGY Leu 3. Codons: UUR/CUX Leu > AGY Ser 4. tRNAs: UUR Leu > UUR Ser 5. Codons: UCX Ser > UUR Ser (Leu & Ser now switched & 8 codons free)

  18. Mirror world : enzyme, parasite, & predator resistance& access 2n diastereomers (n chiral atoms) 1. Transition mutants: EF-Tu, peptidyl transferase, pol/ligase with D-amino acids & L-r/dNTPs: Dedkova et al. Enhanced D-amino acid incorporation into protein by modified ribosomes. JACS 2003125, 6616. Semizarov et al. Stereoisomers of dNTPs as substrates .. J Biol Chem. 1997 272:9556. 2. De novo chemistry: Milton et al. Total chemical synthesis of a D-enzyme: the enantiomers of HIV-1 protease show reciprocal chiral substrate specificity 1992 Science 256:1445; Urata et al. Synthesis and properties of mirror-image DNA. 1992 NAR 20:3325.

  19. Mirror world : http://www.chemgenes.com/ANP-8034.php Thymidine cyanoethyl di-isopropyl phosphoramidite b-L(synthetic) b-D (natural)

  20. 5 Mbp Genome assembly alternatives 1. cat 2. kan 3. cat Automated in vivo homologous recombination: Serial electroporation: 48 stages: 1 strain (21 hr/stage) vs. Hierarchical conjugation: 7 stages: 48 > 24 > 12 > 6 > 3 > 2 > 1 strains vs. Random/simultaneous1 or more stages Reppas & Church

  21. Hierarchical de novo DNA assembly Conditional Selectable genes: 2 = chloramphenicol, 3 = kanamycin (better: 2=supF, 3=taRNA) Conditional Meganuclease sites: 4 = I-SceI taggg_ataa^cagggtaat 5 = I-DmoI gccttgccgg_gtaa^gttccggcgcg Conditional Conjugative transfer elements: 6 = ColE1 oriT 7 = F (incBCD) oriT Condititional origins of replication (or in main chromosome oriC) 8 = IncX ori-R6K (pir protein) 9 = IncPα oriV (trfA protein).

  22. Hierarchical de novo DNA assembly selection=2,3 cut sites=4,5 transfer=6,7 replication=8,9 84ab-2yz46 95-bc3yz57 84abc3yz46 95cd-3yz57 84-de2yz46 95cde2yz57 84abcde2yz46 95ef-3yz57 84-fg2yz46 95efg2yz57 84gh-2yz46 95-hi3yz57 84ghi3yz46 95efghi3yz57 84abcdefghi3yz46 84ij-2yz46 95-jk3yz57 84ijk3yz46 95kl-3yz57 84-lm2yz46 95klm2yz57 84ijklm3yz46 95mn-2yz57 84-no3yz46 95mno3yz57 84op-3yz46 95-pq2yz57 84opq2yz46 95mnopq2yz57 95ijklmnopq2yz57 84abcdefghijklmnopq2yz46 100kb 200kb 400 kb 800 kb 1.6Mbp

  23. Sequence monitoring of evolution(anticipate escape & resistance)

  24. Safer biology via synthetic biology • Systems modeling • HiFi gene replacement • Inexpensive bio-weather-map custom biosensors • (airborne & medical fluids), • International bio-supply-chain licensing • (min research impact, max surveillance) • Metabolic dependencies prevent survival • outside of controlled environments • Multi-epitope vaccines & biosynthetic drugs. • Cells resistant to most existing viruses • via codon changes difficulty see: arep.med.harvard.edu/SBP

  25. Responsible Conduct In Research "If scientists find that their discoveries have implications for some important aspect of public affairs, they have a responsibility to call attention to the public issues involved .. A good example is the response of biologists to the development of recombinant DNA technologies -- first calling for a temporary moratorium on the research and then helping to set up a regulatory mechanism to ensure its safety." http://www.aaes.org/membership/index.asp http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/obas/

  26. Education, journals, press 78 Bch 212 Molecular Biology (Wiley , Harrison alternate years) 88-98 Gen 210 Conceptual Foundations of DNA Research 99-03 Bph 101 Genomics & Computation Biology 04-05 iGEM: Genetically Engineered Machines 05 Bph 101 Genomics, Computing, Economics & Society BMC-Bioinformatics (impact factor - 5.42) Omics Nature-EMBO-Molecular Systems Biology

  27. Genome Analysis Policy • Insurance/employment: What probability & level of advantage can be hidden/examined? • Individual/group stigma • Choice, stem cells, cloning • Privacy & transparency NHGRI/DOE ELSI, Genetic Screening Study Group

  28. Anonymity, privacy, disclosure, identity

  29. "Open-source" meets Personal Genome-Phenome Project • Are information-rich resources (e.g. facial imaging & • genome sequence) really anonymous? • What are the risks and benefits of "open-source"? • What level of training is needed to give informed consent on • open-ended studies? • Harvard Medical School IRB Human Subjects protocol • submitted 16-Sep-2004.

  30. Grand Challenges Are the hypervariable regions of HIV the best or the worst T-cell vaccine targets? 10,000 peptides by 100 HLA types with Andrew Levin & Norm Letvin HIBIE Harvard Inst. Biologically Inspired Engineering Chips to DNA to cells to embryos DNA lattices for polonies and synthetic arrays with Joe Jacobson, John Reif SETG (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Genomes (NASA) Microfluidic PCR With Gary Ruvkun, Mike Finney, Maria Zuber, Wally Gilbert Protein Design : Recombinase & Carbon Nanotube Synthase With David Baker Jun04-Mar05-present .

  31. Synthetics:A 100km view 360 km ISS 1000 km inner van Allen belt 35,920 km geosynchronous 384,000 km to earth's moon 100M km to Mars

  32. From 100km down to a 1nm view Kim et al. (2003) Phys Rev Lett. 90:065501. Dynamics of fullerene coalescence. Han et al. Phys. Rev. B (2004) Microscopic Mechanism of Fullerene Fusion. Pantarotto et al. (2004) Chem Commun. 2004 Jan 7;(1):16-7. Translocation of bioactive peptides across cell membranes by carbon nanotubes. Bachtold A, Hadley P, Nakanishi T, Dekker C. Science. 2001 Nov 9;294(5545):1317-20. Logic circuits with carbon nanotube transistors.

  33. Sequencing cost & imaging(30 to 100,000 fold improvements) ABI 2004 Jun 2005 2006 >2007 # bp/expt - 2e7 3e7 3e8 60e9 Complexity (bp) - 74 4e6 3e9 6e9 Avg Fold Cov 8 3e5 6 0.1 10 Pix per bp - 300 1724 333 1 Read-length 900 14 (SBE) 25 (pair) 35 42 $ / kb (e<1e-5) 2.4 - .08 .04 1e-5 $/ 1X 3e9 b 2e6 - 2e5 5e4 100 Indel Error 5e-3 0.6% 1e-3 1e-3 1e-3 Subst Error 4e-3 4e-6 1e-3 1e-3 1e-3 3X Cons Err 1e-4 - 1e-6 3e-7 1e-7 Kb / min 0.8 360 27 1e3 1e6 Pix / sec - 2e5 2e6 6e6 2e7 Enz $/mg - 8 8 8 0.4

  34. Lattices Yeast 12 Mbp = 4 mm long => 2mm square. Grid by oligo array 5 micron ablated by e-beam down to a 10 nm resolution. Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Y2 Y2 Y2 Y2 Y2 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Y3 Y3 Y3 Y3 Y3 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Y4 Y4 Y4 Y4 Y4 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Y5 Anchoring via triple stand polyPy regions (no denaturation) every 5 microns would match sites every 15kbp in the yeast genome (7-mer)

  35. Aptamers for SynBio &Imaging • J Am Chem Soc. 2004 126:9266-70. Modular aptameric sensors. Stojanovic MN & Kolpashchikov DM. • Programmable ligand-controlled riboregulators of eukaryotic gene expression. Nat Biotechnol. 2005 23:337-43. Bayer TS, Smolke CD.

  36. Neuroimaging Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain. Nature. 2005 435:1102-7. Activation of the fusiform gyrus when individuals with autism spectrum disorder view faces. Neuroimage. 2004 22:1141-50. Hadjikhani N, Joseph RM, Snyder J, Chabris CF, Clark J, Steele S, McGrath L, Vangel M, Aharon I, Feczko E, Harris GJ, Tager-Flusberg H.

  37. Bridging the Rift Ecosys-genomics, human neuroimaging/genomics Seed funding: Mati Kochavi,

  38. Infection-proofing • Vaccines • New genetic codes , chirality • $1K Genome • Bioweathermap • Low-senescence, low-cancer stem cells • Neuroimaging • Autofabrication from simple environmentally abundant components like raw minerals, air, water, complex CAD. • Space Grand Challenges

  39. Possible next steps • Consider "six impossible things before breakfast". • Dream. Brainstorm. • Discuss possible synergies with others in the lab • & collaborators. • Can we thereby turn challenging tasks into simple ones? • Drill down into the details of what really stops us • from achieving the grand challenges.

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