PSYC 2207 Speech Lecture 3 part one Orienting Question

1. PSYC 2207 (Speech) Lecture 3 (part one) Orienting Question

2. Levelt�s perceptual loop theory as an account of speech production that relies on perceptual processes Diagram shows LHS conceptualizer, formulator, articulation RHS audition, speech comprehension Note Speech comprehension is the speech perception system The flow of information between the processes The conceptualizer has a monitor that receives input from the conceptualizer and the speech comprehension system

8. Problems for the monitoring account The relationship between speech errors and repairs speakers make errors that they do not repair these errors seem to have different characteristics to those that are repaired (seem to depend on different processes) errors are not always repaired (young children) Conclusion: errors that are repaired are not representative of those that arise in production and repairing seems to be an optional process

9. Problems for the monitoring account Can speakers recover details about the sound of their voice from the sound that is output? Bone conducted sound is not like speech is as loud as direct speech

10. PSYC 2207 (Speech) Lecture 3 (part two) Orienting Question

11. Classic description of stuttering and similarities between early childhood nonfluencies and stuttering What is stuttering? Episodes of fluency interspersed with dysfluencies Based on assessment of speech Stuttering event counts are made

13. Who suffers from stuttering? Occurs in all cultures Estimate of incidence - about 10% some time in life Demographics mainly males disorder of childhood (about 90% recover spontaneously middle class children seem particularly prone

14. Stuttering Very intransigent to recovery if not recovered by teens Characteristics change developmentally - does change that happens lead to persistence? Stuttering events occur in all fluent speakers Not really errors - we call them fluency failures An intermittent problem - even in very severe stutterers NB although intermittent not random - linguistic factors

15. Johnson�s categories divided into stalling and advancing - STALLING

16. Johnson�s categories divided into stalling and advancing - ADVANCING

17. Health service issues Diagnosis is this being done correctly? If not, maybe children who are not really stuttering (NNF) are being treated

18. Health service issues Treatment outcome How can outcome be measured in children in the face of such a high rate of spontaneous recovery

19. Where does stuttering occur in speech? Brown�s adult factors (and differences in children) Adults stutter on content words, children on function words Adults stutter on consonants, children on vowels Problems occur in early positions in sentences Problems experienced on long words

21. What do we know about how stuttering changes over development? Brown�s adult factors (and differences in children) Adults stutter on content words, children on function words Dysfluency type changes as children persist Conture change from repetitions to prolongations Yairi change from word to part-word repetitions