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I.T.I. SESSION 3: Reach out and touch someone

I.T.I. SESSION 3: Reach out and touch someone. Native American Indian Computer Art Artist: Peter M Figueroa http://www.best.com/~fig/ redface.htm “to honor the depth of Spirituality and the greatness of Culture possessed by our Indigenous Native Peoples”. U P D A T E S.

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I.T.I. SESSION 3: Reach out and touch someone

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  1. I.T.I. SESSION 3: Reach out and touch someone Native American Indian Computer Art Artist: Peter M Figueroa http://www.best.com/~fig/ redface.htm “to honor the depth of Spirituality and the greatness of Culture possessed by our Indigenous Native Peoples”

  2. U P D A T E S Dotcom-Uppance:Language and the NetStar-Ledger August 2001 Dot.Com Dot.Con Dot.Compost Dot.Bombs Dot-Carnage Tech Wreck Dot-Coma Dot.Come and Gone Not.Coms Start Downs Dot-commiserating Dot-dissing Entreprenerds

  3. Review of Session 1/2 • Introduction to key knowledge and intellectual skills of the ITI: 103 and links to the ITI major • People-centered, social perspective: Impact of information technologies on individual, social, organizational, national and international affairs • Professional focus: career orientation, with communication, thinking as well as technical skills as core competencies • Ethical focus: coming to terms with our own decisioning processes and their implications

  4. SESSION 3: Reach out and touch someone Session Objectives • To situate the examination of ITI in broader considerations of the emergence of the information society • To examine the historical development of ICTs • To identify some key interpretivist frameworks for examining ITI

  5. INFORMATION SOCIETY • Term coined in 1970s to create a new concept for developed high-technological society • Based on information-revolution idea: replacement of labor by technology, computerizing of homes and offices, growth of entertainment industries TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITION

  6. DISCUSSION • Identify what you consider to be the most significant events that have helped shape the technological development of our society. • Why do you consider these to be the key events?

  7. Information Society: Multiple Perspectives • Historical Events/Inventions • Historical Bench Marks • Historical Era/Periods Interpretivist framework labeled TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM

  8. The Information Society Michael Rothschild: President of Bionomics in San Francisco 4 major Information Revolutions • Cro-Magnons vs Neanderthals • Invention of writing • Invention of Moveable type • Electronic Communications

  9. 1. Survival of the Fittest • 32,000 years ago • Cro-Magnons vs Neanderthals • Reliance on hunting – knowing seasonal availability of game • Cro-Magnon’s development of lunar calendar: scratches on reindeer’s antler • Trace seasons and migrations of animals • Availability of food all year

  10. 2. Invention of writing • 5000 years ago • Sumerians developed symbols (Cuneiform) to represent things and syllables • Ability to represent language in permanent visible form

  11. 3. Invention of Moveable Type • 500 years ago • German goldsmith: J. Gutenberg • Modern science, machine age, Renaissance, Protestant Revolution

  12. 4. Electronic Communicationshttp://www.fht-esslingen.de/telehistory/ • 1840: Samuel F. B. Morse (USA) develops Morse code and improves telegraph • 1861: Philipp Reis, a German teacher, invents the telephone 1876 : Elisha Gray and A. Graham Bell (USA) take out patents for telephones • 1894: Wireless transmission of signals over two miles by the Italian Marconi • 1917: AM transmitter: Modulation of a carrier frequency using speech signal

  13. Electronic Communications • 1924: John Logie Baird is the first to transmit a moving silhouette image • 1928: Station W2XBS, RCA's first television station, is established in New York City, creating television's first star, Felix the Cat • 1954: Transistor radio, stereo recording • 1980: Videotext, Cable Television, Video Conferencing, Compact Disc • 1983: Personal Computers, Floppy Disks as storing device

  14. CONVERGENCE OF PROCESSING AND COMMUNICATIONS Telephone Telephone Telephone Datacom Telephone & Local Nets Multimodal Comm’n Information Utilities CONVERGENCE INTEGRATED INFORMATION PROCESSING AND COMMUNICATION Pre- 1950 EAM 1950- 1975 Mainframe 1975- 1983 Early Distributed Computing 1983- 1989 Full Distributed Computing 1995- 2003 Information Utilities 1990- 1995 Network Infrastructure

  15. What is …. Technological Determinism?

  16. Technological Determinism Technological determinists interpret communications technologies in particular as the basis of society in the past, present and even the future. They claim that technologies such as writing or print or television or the computer 'changed society'. In its most extreme form, the entire form of society is seen as being determined by technology: new technologies transform society at every level, including institutions, social interaction and individuals. At the least a wide range of social and cultural phenomena are seen as shaped by technology. 'Human factors' and social arrangements are seen as secondary. http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/tecdet/tdet02.html (Daniel Chandler)

  17. Technological Determinism • Often seem to be trying to account for almost everything in terms of technology: technocentrism. • ‘Doctrine of Technological Primacy' • Also associated with technological determinism is the concept of techno-evolutionism. This involves a linear evolutionary view of universal social change through a fixed sequence of different technological stages

  18. Technological Determinism • 'the notion is that a kind of invisible hand guides technology ever onward and upward, using individuals and organizations as vessels for its purposes but guided by a sort of divine plan for bringing the greatest good to the greatest number.” Purcell, Carroll (1994): White Heat. London: BBC, p. p. 38 • Carroll Purcell refers to a mystical, 'semi-religious faith in the inevitability of progress'

  19. Technological Determinism • 'the medium... shapes and controls the scale and form of human association and action’ • McLuhan, Marshall (1962): The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul What is your position on this idea?

  20. Contemporary Philosophersof Technology • Martin Heideger • Jurgen Habermas • Albert Borgman • Marshall McLuhan • Jacques Ellul

  21. Technological Determinism • Marshall McLuhan: Technology has reduced us to the “sex organs of the machine world” • Heidegger: we are engaged in a transformation of the entire world, ourselves included, into “standing reserves”, raw materials mobilized in technical processes”; Technology constitutes a new type of cultural system that restructures the entire social world as an object of control: “The instrumentalization of man and society is thus a destiny from which there is no escape other than retreat”

  22. Technological Determinism • Habermas: The central pathology of modern societies in the colonization of lifeworld by system: “technization of the lifeworld”. • Habermas and Heidegger consider that the restructuring of social reality by technical action is incompatible with a life rich in meaning

  23. Technological Determinism • Albert Borgmann (leading US Philosopher) • The “Device Paradigm” is the formative principle of a technological society which aims above all at efficiency: functionalizing at the cost of distancing us from reality; individual involvement with nature and other human beings reduced to bare minimum; possession and control become highest values; human experience is suppressed by a facile scientism and an uncritical celebration of technology”

  24. Technological Determinism • Borgmann: “Plugged into a network of communications and computers, they seem to enjoy omniscience and omnipotence; severed from their network, they turn out to be insubstantial and disoriented. They no longer command the world as persons in their own right. Their conversation is without depth and wit; their attention is roving and vacuous; their sense of place is uncertain and fickle”.

  25. Decontextualization: reconstitute natural objects as technical objects: de-worlded. Eg. dogs to Abio Reductionism: process by which de-worlded things are simplified, stripped of technically useless qualities. Automization: technical actions isolated from the effects of its actions on its objects Positioning: we are influenced to fulfill pre-existing programs that we would not otherwise have chosen Convergence The Instrumentalization of Technology

  26. Issues of Technological Determinism • “From Essentialism to Constructivism: Philosophy of Technology at the Crossroads” • http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/feenberg/talk4.html

  27. Is there space for humans and humanity?

  28. Interpretivist Frameworks • Social Constructivist Theory • Critical / Cultural Theory • Social Influence Theory • Media Theory • Functional Theory • Postmodern Theory • Feminist Theory • Sense Making Theory • Communication Theory • Information Processing Theory

  29. I.T. MILESTONES • The Computer Museum History Center • www.computerhistory.org/index.page

  30. I.T. MILESTONES • Vannevar Bush: 1945 • “Of what lasting benefit has been man’s use of science and of the new instruments which his research brought into existence”? • Concerned about growth of ideas, but lack of time to grasp, remember, and to make real use of them.

  31. Vannevar Bush: 1945 “For mature thought, there is no mechanical substitute. But creative thought and essentially repetitive thought are very different things. For the latter there are, and may be, powerful mechanical aids”

  32. Vannevar Bush: MEMEX • “A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory”. • Still a reality or fantasy?

  33. 1946 AVIDAC

  34. 1955 TRADIC

  35. 1966 ILIAC

  36. 1975

  37. 1984 APPLE MACINTOSH

  38. Personal Digital Assistant • 32MB RAM • 150MHz processor • 65,536-color TFT display • Plays MP3 and MS Audio through stereo headphone jack, plays video movies • One-button voice recording • 3 programmable application buttons for one-touch launch of programs or files • Action wheel for one-hand access to data

  39. History of the Internet http://www.isoc.org/internet-history A Brief History of the Internetby those who made the history, including Barry M. Leiner , Vinton G. Cerf , David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Lawrence G. Roberts, Stephen Wolff. A Spanish-language translation is also available.

  40. WWW GROWTH

  41. The Expansion of Networking 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Federal Research Education Some commercial Widespread Academic, Government & Business Sectors General Public Federal & Research

  42. Internet Milestones • 1957: USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite. In response, US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) • 1962: J.C.R. Licklider & W. Clark, MIT: Galactic Network concept encompassing distributed social interactions • 1972: ARPA develops protocols which allows networked computers to communicate transparently across multiple networks: ARPANET; First computer-to-computer chat takes place at UCLA, as psychotic PARRY (at Stanford) discusses problems with the Doctor (at BBN).

  43. Internet Milestones • 1972: Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) opens Telenet, the first public packet data service (a commercial version of ARPANET) • 1975: First ARPANET mailing list, MsgGroup, is created by Steve Walker. A science fiction list, SF-Lovers, was to become the most popular unofficial list in the early days • 1976: Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom sends out an email on 26 March from the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) in Malvern

  44. Internet Milestones • 1979: Kevin MacKenzie emails the MsgGroup a suggestion of adding some emotion back into the dry text medium of email, such as -) for indicating a sentence was tongue-in-cheek. Though flamed by many at the time, emoticons became widely used. • 1984: Domain Name System (DNS) introduced (edu, com etc) Number of hosts breaks 1,000 • 1987: Email link established between Germany and China, with the first message from China sent on 20 September. • 1988: Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed by Jarkko Oikarinen

  45. ~:-( fuming (:-)     bald :-@      angry, yelling %-)      stared too long at monitor :        ghost AFK     away from keyboard CWOT  complete waste of time FAI       frequently argued issue HAND have a nice day 8-)      wearing (sun)glasses :-/      skeptical IOTTMCO     intuitively obvious to the most casual observer =^..^=  cat DDR       difficult data retrieval (i.e. hacking) EMOTICONS

  46. EMOTICONS Useful sources • http://www.datacomm.ch/~silver/smile2.htm • http://www.omnicron.com/~fluzby/sister-share/acronyms.htm

  47. EMOTICONS “Online culture's foremost contribution to either the evolution of language or the death of literacy” http://www.altculture.com/ aentries/e/emoticons.html

  48. Internet Milestones • 1989: Number of hosts breaks 100,000; Countries connecting to Internet: Australia (AU), Germany (DE), Israel (IL), Italy (IT), Japan (JP), Mexico (MX), Netherlands (NL), New Zealand (NZ), Puerto Rico (PR), United Kingdom (UK) • 1990: The World comes on-line (world.std.com), becoming the first commercial provider of Internet dial-up access • 1991: World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN; Tim Berners-Lee developer

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