Chapter 1 Nouns

1. Chapter 1Nouns  Les Hanson 2002

2. Nouns • Definition of nouns • Capitalization • pluralization

3. Names of particular people, places, or things E.g. StockwellDay, Alberta, Canadian Alliance But not general references party leader, communist, fascist, right wing When to capitalize nouns • In general, specific names require capitals • Lake Superior, Fred, Great Depression • General names do not require capitals • the prairies, my uncle, a recession

4. Names and Titles • Capitalize titles that precede names • Prime Minister Chretien, Aunt Polly But not when used alone, or after names • The minister was demoted to the back benches • Bill, my uncle, sat beside Gary Doer, premier of Manitoba

5. Sentences • Capitalize the first word of a sentence • And the first word of a quoted sentence • She said, “You are stupid.” • Don’t capitalize the second part of a fragmented quotation • “You are stupid,” she said, “and your mother dresses you funny.” • Don’t capitalize partial quotes • He talked of the “plausible deniability” of the scheme.

6. Titles of books, articles, and songs • Capitalize the first, last, and all important words in a title • Don’t capitalize short articles, prepositions, and conjunctions • As You Like It • The Merry Wives of Windsor • Love’s Labours Lost • Taming of the Shrew • The Merchant of Venice

7. Dates and Directions • Capitalize days of the week, months, holidays • Monday, June, Thanksgiving • But not seasons • summer, fall, winter • Don’t capitalize directions • I drove north for two blocks • Unless it refers to a specific location • Fighting broke out in the Middle East • Winter roads are common in the North

8. Names of Groups • Capitalize races, religions, nationalities and languages • Bosnian, Buddhism,French, Cree

9. Product Names • Capitalize brand names and trademarks • Coke, Kleenix, Roller Blades, Popsicle • Do not capitalize generic product names • cola, tissues, inline skates, flavoured ice

10. Course Names • Capitalize specific names of courses • History 101, Intermediate Basket-weaving, a Bachelor of Arts degree • But not general references to courses • geography, communication, accounting • He is studying engineering

11. Pluaralization • Regular plurals • Adding –s • Adding-es (-s, --ss, -sh, ch, -x, -z) Nouns ending in –y Nouns ending in ay,ey,oy,uy Nouns ending in o Nouns ending in –f

12. The pronunciation of the plural endings –s and -es • Iz (After –s,-ss,-z, -x, se, dge, -ge) • Bus, horse, buzz, wish, match, wage • Z (After vowel sounds and voiced consonants) • Day, car,dog,home • S • After other unvoiced consonants • Book, lip,cliff

13. OtherPlurals • Irregular plurals • Words of foreign origin • Nouns which do not change in the plural • Nouns which look singular but are in fact plural • Nouns ending in –s which are in fact singular

14. Irregular plurals • Man\ woman\ Child • foot/\tooth\goose • Losue\ Mouse\ ox • Penny ( pennies- pence) Pennies (to talk about the number of coins) e.g there are 5 pennies on the table pence(to talk about the value of something)e.g, the small apples are 5 pence each.

15. Words of foreign origin • Ending in –us =-uses, -I Cactus, fungus,stimulus. • Ending in –a = -as, -ae Alga, formula, vertebra • Ending in –um = ums, -a Memorandum, bacterium, datum • Ending in –ex = exes, ices Index ( indexes for books, indices,used in math)

16. Ending in –ix= -ixes, -ices • Appedix ( appendices in books, appendexes in medicine) • -on = -ons,-a • Criterion, phenomenon • Ending in –is = -ises, -es • Analysis, hypothesis, synopsis,diagnosis, oasis

17. Nouns which do not change in the plural • Series and species He gave a series of lectures about birdwatching. There have been several series of programes on television about microchip technology. • Nouns of nationalities ending in –ese China, Japan, Portugal • Some animals and fish Duck, snipe,fishsalmon,piketrout deer

18. Nouns which look singular but are in fact plural • Cattle,clergy, dice, people, police • His cattle are the finestin this part of England • Dice are used in many board games

19. Nouns ending in –s which are in fact singular • News • Some diseses • Rickets, mumps, measles • Some games • Billiards,darts,dominos • Some activities or branches of study • Ceramics, phonetics, politics

20. Formation of Nouns • Masculine or feminine • Endings to describe size • Endings which describe repeated actions and small objects • Professions • Abstract nouns • Gerunds • Noun and verb • Compound nouns

21. Masculine or feminine • Different words Bachelor-spinster, cock-hen,lad-lass, Husband-wife, king-queen, uncle-aunt • Change of ending Actor-actress, duke-duchess, emperor-empress, hero-heroine • No distinction Cousin friend parent person guest

22. Endings to describe size • -let: leaflet, booklet • -ling: duckling, weakling Sometimes we use adjectives to describe small things like big, little -ette: maisonette, kitchenette, Mini-: minicab, minicomputer Micro-, macro-: microchip macro-economics.

23. Endings which describe repeated actions or small objects • -inkle: twinkle, winkle • -ingle: jingle, tangle, tingle • -ggle: giggle, wriggle • -tter: mutter stutter, chatter • -mble: mumble, stumble,rumble • -bble: bubble pebble quibble • -ddle: cuddle, muddle, paddle, puddle • -ttle: little, tittle-tattle

24. Professions • -er: bake-baker, play-player, teach-teacher, engine-engineer, photograph-photographer • -or Actor, tailor, doctor, director • -ist: piano-pianist, violin-violinist • -ologist: geology-geologist • -icist: physics-physician

25. Professions • -ist: science-scientist • -ian • Mathematics-mathematician, • _ian: • History-historian • -ant: • account-accountant • -ent: residence-resident