Genitourinary System

1. Genitourinary System • Urinary System for Male & Female • Reproductive System for Male

2. Purpose of the Urinary System • Regulate composition of the extracellular fluids of the body • Removes harmful substances in urine • Nitrogenous wastes • Excess electrolytes

3. Purpose of the Urinary System • Hormones • Kidneys secrete Erythropoietin • Acts on bone marrow to stimulate production of red blood cells

4. Structures of the Urinary System

5. How it works • Renal Artery • Carries blood that contains waste to the Kidneys • Renal Vein • Carries clean blood away from Kidneys • Urine • Formed from the waste left by the blood

6. How it works

7. How it works • Nephron • 1 million nephrons • Constant adjustment & regulation of contents of blood plasma • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-Ub0Df44Wk

8. How it Works • Renal Pelvis • Urine is moved to once clean blood leaves Kidney • Ureters: • 10-12in long, use peristaltic waves to move urine from Kidney to Bladder

9. How it Works

10. How it works • Bladder • Temporary reservoir • Rugae-expand as bladder fills • Urethra • Women 1.5 inches • Men 7-8 inches

11. How it works

12. How it works • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJVbFIIycKo

13. Male Reproductive System • Purpose • Produce, maintain & transport sperm • Produce the male hormone testosterone

14. Anatomy • Scrotum: external sac • Holds two testes: secrete testosterone • Each has numerous small tubes called seminiferous tubules which produce sperm

15. Anatomy • Epididymis: single tightly coiled tube laying over the superior surface of each testis • Stores sperm once it leaves the seminiferous tubules

16. Anatomy • The Epididymus forms into the Vas Deferens: carries the sperm to the Seminal Vesicle

18. Anatomy • The Vas Deferens joins the seminal vesicle • Nutrients to maintain sperm viability • Produces approximately 60% of the seminal fluid • Ejaculatory Duct: at the end of the seminal vesicle & Vas Deferens

19. Anatomy • Ejaculatory duct passes through the Prostate Gland • Secretes alkaline substance, accounts for about 30% of seminal fluid • Protects sperm from acidity of vagina

20. Anatomy • Bulbourethral Glands: produce alkaline fluid necessary to keep sperm alive

21. Anatomy • During Ejaculation • Sphincter at base of bladder closes • Preventing urine from being expelled with semen • Preventing semen from entering the bladder

22. Anatomy • Penis • Glans penis: enlarged tip of the penis • Urethral orifice (meatus) • Prepuce (foreskin)

23. Vocabulary • Andr/o • Balan/o • Epididym/o • Perine/o • Prostat/o • Spermat/o, sperm/o • Varic/o • Vas/o • Vesicul/o • Orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, test/o

24. Anorchidism • Congenital absence of one or both testes

25. Aspermia • Failure to form or ejaculate semen

26. Balanitis • Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis

27. Epispadias • Malformation in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis

28. Hypospadias • Developmental anomaly in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis, or in extreme cases, on the perineum

29. Erectile Dysfunction (ED) • Repeated inability to initiate or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse

30. Hydrocele • Accumulation of serous fluids in a saclike cavity, especially the testes and associated structures

31. Phimosis • Stenosis or narrowing of preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis

32. Testicular Torsion • Testicles become lose and twist on themselves cutting off blood flow • This is an emergency • Surgery within 5 hrs to save testicle

33. Clamydia

34. Gonorrhea

35. Specialties • Urology: branch of medicine concerned with male & female urinary disorders & diseases & male reproductive system • Urologist: Physician who specializes in genitourinary disorders

36. Specialties • Nephrology: Branch of medicine concerned with diseases of the Kidneys • Nephrologist: Physician who specializes in diseases of the Kidneys

37. Cystitis • Bladder infection • Often caused by pooling of urine in the bladder leading to a bacteria breeding ground

38. Pyelonephritis • Bacteria invades the renal pelvis and kidney tissue • Often resulting from and untreated bladder infection

39. Symptoms of Pyelonephritis • Pyuria: Large quantities of white blood cells in the urine • Hematuria: Red blood cells in the urine

40. Glomerulonephritis • Condition that causes the glomerular walls to become inflamed

41. Nephrolithiasis • Stones (calculi) may form in any part of the urinary tract (urolithiasis), but most arise in the kidney • Dissolved urine salts begin to solidify

42. Nephrolithiasis • Colic: intense throbbing pain caused by the movement of the stone through the urinary tract • Urine backflows into the renal pelvis causing them to dilate (reflux)

43. Nephrolithiasis Treatment • Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): calculi are pulverized using ultrasonic waves • PercutaneousNephrolithotomy (PCNL): Cut into skin and use a nephroscope to remove stone

44. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia • Prostate gland enlarges and decreases the urethral lumen

45. Cryptorchidism • Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac prior to birth • Often descend by the end of the first year

46. Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) • The tubular portion of the nephron is injured by a decrease in blood supply or after ingestion of toxic chemicals

47. Anuria • Absence of urine production or urinary output

48. Bladder Neck Obstruction (BNO) • Blockage at base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra

49. Chronic Renal Failure • Renal failure that occurs over a period of years, in which the kidneys lose their ability to maintain volume and composition of body fluids

50. Dysuria • Painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a “burning sensation” while urinating