History of Marine Science Part III

1. History of Marine Science Part III The Age of Exploration

2. Homework • Chapter 2 read pages 19-22 • Answer study questions page 2-19 • # 1-6

3. The Portuguese _________ “The Navigator” established a maritime observatory in ______. The first school of Navigation For many years the Portuguese were considered The world’s best __________ Voyages of Columbus (1492) and Magellan (1522) began the “Age of Discovery”. In both cases they had a _____________ ___________

4. By 1513 the Pacific • Ocean was “discovered” • By the Europeans • 1522 _________had • circumnavigated • the globe • Left Spain with ___ships and ____men • returned with ____ ship and 18 men • Magellan Dies in the __________. • The one boat returns with his Portuguese Navigator Magellan

5. The Cape of Good Hope • Bartholomeu Dias completes the first voyage around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 • Vasco de Gamma leads the first Expedition around the cape to India Vasco de Gamma Dias

6. The first navigation device was the Polynesian • Compass • Astrolabe • Stick Chart • Wind Lass

7. Early in European Exploration __________ were considered the best navigators. • Spanish • English • Dutch • Portuguese

8. Who was the first to circumnavigate the globe? • Columbus • Magellan • Prince Henry • DaGamma

9. In which year did the Europeans first “discover” the Pacific Ocean? • 1522 • 1513 • 1492 • 1066

10. Who opened the first school of Navigation • Magellan • Columbus • Prince Henry • Prince Charles

11. Fastest Responders (in seconds)

12. Why all the Exploration • Now the focus is not so much on food but Trade $$$$! • Finding Shorter trade routes = $ • Finding new worlds for Gold = $ • Spices = $ • Religion • New navigational advances have also pushed the Europeans toward more exploration

13. Early Technology New instruments such as this Astrolabe, the compass, Charts, Maps and ship designs all started to be Understood, Invented or improved

14. MAPS were New Technology They weren’t always accurate. Ask Columbus

15. The Compass – Used by the Chinese in navigation for 400 years now comes to Europe • The Astrolabe – used to calculate a ships _______

16. New ship designs such as the Spanish Caravela which combines square and lanteen sails Better ships helped drive European desire for riches from far-away lands Ship design Improves

17. Travel 5 years on a boat this size?

18. Columbus • Born in ________ • Excellent Navigator • Convinces The Spanish Crown to finance a voyage across the Atlantic to explore a new route to India • Lands in Hispaniola modern Day __________ ___________ • Makes three voyages to the New world on the third he returns in _________

19. The _______chart of 1474 used by Christopher Columbus OOPS! • Columbus got access to these maps through his marriage into a Portuguese noble family • He relied on Ptolemy’s measurements of the earth which put the distance between India and Lisbon as ¼ of what is actually is!

20. Where is he now? • There is some controversy of where Columbus is buried now. • There are two Christopher Columbus Tombs in the world • One in the Cathedral in ______, _______ the other at the Faro (lighthouse) _______ ________________________

21. Which Tomb? Santo Domingo – Dominican Republic Seville - Spain

22. Sir Francis Drake • English Privateer • Sent to the New Worlds to Raid Spanish Treasure Ships • Crosses the Pacific to avoid the Spanish in the Atlantic • Returns to England a Hero

23. Other Explorers? • The age of exploration provides us with many famous explorers • Henry Hudson -1609 • Amerigo Vespucci -1507 • Vasco Nunez de Balboa – “Discovers” the Pacific Ocean

24. Ah yes – the NW Passage – the short cut to China? A fascination and death trap for Europeans from 1576 until 1903 Being re-explored today because of global warming The Northwest Passage

25. What was the motive for exploration in the era • Food • Trade • Scientific Exploration • None of the above

26. The Astrolabe can determine a ships • Latitude • Longitude • Direction • Weight

27. The Compass was invented by the • English • Portuguese • Spanish • Chinese

28. A ships Triangular sail is known as a • Square Sail • Winnowers sail • Lanteen sail • Square jib Sail

29. Columbus makes ____ trips to the “new world” • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4

30. Drake sails around the world to • Find a new trade route • Explore the Pacific • Avoid the Spanish • Take a shortcut to England

31. Which explorer “discovered” the Pacific Ocean • Columbus • Magellan • Drake • Balboa

32. Fastest Responders (in seconds)

33. First European to Hawai’i Brought disease, opened up to western contact Brought Harrison’s _________to test it. Methods helped in the curing of _________ His Lt. was none other than the infamous Captain Bligh Capt. James Cook

34. Captain James Cook Three voyages of ocean exploration: 1. 1768 – Tahiti, NZ, OZ 2. 1772 - chronometer 3. 1776 - Northwest Passage and Hawaii Careful observations Longitude (EW) Determined Harrison’s Device works

35. Cook’s 3 Voyages

36. Cook’s 3rd and final voyage ended at ______________ ______ Killed at __________ Bay His flesh is boiled off of His bones. In his honor his bones are Presented as “gifts” to dignitaries 1976 ReEnactment

37. All this travel on the Ocean– but it was not until 1697 when Sir Isaac Newton gave us an understanding of gravity, that anyone really got a good idea about __________. Newton

38. Ben Franklin Ben Franklin was the ________ _______. The USA-UK-USA Postal Travel times too slow Franklin sought to improve this with his Studies of the Gulf Stream

39. Franklin-Folger map1769 The Gulf Stream

40. Other areas of Oceanography progressed less well: In the 1840’s Edward Forbes, Professor at the University of Edinburgh was convinced that “life ceased at 300 fathoms” (1800 feet). Oh Really?

41. Somewhat strange when in the 1820’s Sir John Ross dredged starfish from 1000 fathoms (6000 feet)! Forbes’ error was a Minor blip though in the rush to learn more about marine life

42. Matthew_______, “Father of Oceanography” But all was not lost - In the 1840’s used ship’s log to collate wind and current data. Huge effort – took 20 days off a trip from UK-Australia

43. His surface current chart for the Atlantic from Physical Geography of the Sea – the first real Oceanography _____…..Used in the Civil War

44. The Astrolabe is used to find a ships • Longitude • Latitude • Direction • Depth

45. Toscanelli’s less than perfect map was used by • Columbus • Magellan • Forbes • Franklin

46. Franklin used the gulf stream to improve • Fishing • Warfare techniques • Mail Delivery • Gas mileage

47. The force that moved tides was discovered by • Darwin • Edison • Franklin • Newton

48. The man considered the father of Oceanography was • Franklin • Maury • Forbes • Ross

49. Maury’s Textbook was used during which war for tactical purposes. • Revolutionary • War of 1812 • The Crimean War • The Civil War

50. Fastest Responders (in seconds)