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Transformation of American Society: 1815-1840 and the Impact of Westward Expansion

This chapter explores the significant transformation of American society between 1815 and 1840, focusing on westward expansion and its repercussions. By 1840, a diverse population of over 17 million thrived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, leading to conflicts and treaties with Native Americans. The Indian Removal Act and landmark court cases like Cherokee Nation v. Georgia exemplify this tension. Additionally, the chapter highlights the shift towards a market economy, industrialization, and the emergence of urban inequality, revealing the complex socio-economic landscape of antebellum America.

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Transformation of American Society: 1815-1840 and the Impact of Westward Expansion

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  1. UNIT 3: CHAPTER 9 TRANSFORMATION OF AMERICAN SOCIETY 1815-1840

  2. WESTWARD EXPANSION • BY 1790 NON-INDIAN POP 4M PEOPLE LIVED EAST OF THE APP MTS; W/IN FEW HUNDRED MILES OF AT OCEAN • BY 1840 1/3 OF POP JUST OVER 17M LIVING BET. APP MTS & MISSISSIPPI RIVER---CALLED OLD NORTHWEST & OLD SOUTHWEST

  3. WESTWARD EXPANSION • SWEEP WEST • WESTERN SOCIETY & CUSTOMS • FAR WEST

  4. FEDERAL GOV’T & THE WEST • REVIEW LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 & NW ORDINANCE OF 1787 • PROMISED LAND TO THOSE WHO ENLISTED IN WAR OF 1812 • NATIONAL ROAD—AUTHORIZED IN 1811 • AFFECTS ON INDIANS---LAND AGREEMENTS, TREATIES, ---ABANDONMENT BY BRITISH

  5. REMOVAL OF THE INDIANS • 1830 PASSAGE OF INDIAN REMOVAL ACT AJ ADMIN • DURING AJ’S TERMS: 100M ACRES OF INDIAN LAND FOR 32M ACRESOF PUBLIC LAND • CHEROKEE NATION V GEORGIA 1831 SHOWCASED AJ’S STAND • ISSUES: 1827 CHEROKEES HAD TRIED TO DEC THEMSELVES AS INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC

  6. CHEROKEE NATION V GA • CH MARSHALL RULED AGAINST THE INDIANS YET PROCLAIMED THEM AS A WARD OF THE U.S. “DOMESTIC DEPENDENT NATION” • SECOND CASE TO NOTE: WORCESTER V GEORGIA—DEC. “DISTINCT” POL. COMM. ENTITLED TO FED. PROTECTION • AJ RESPONDS—”MARSHALL HAS MADE HIS DECISION, NOW LET HIM ENFORCE IT. “

  7. TRAIL OF TEARS 1838 • CHEROKEES FORCIBLY REMOVED TO NEW IND TERR –OKLAHOMA • INFAMOUS TREK WAS KNOWN AS “TRAIL OF TEARS”

  8. CON’T • AGRICULTURAL BOOM • GROWTH OF MARKET ECONOMY • SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE VS COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURAL • CASH CROPS • MARKET ECONOMY

  9. WESTWARD EXPANSION • FEDERAL LAND POLICY • SPECULATOR & SQUATTER • PANIC OF 1819

  10. TRANSPORTATION REV.: STEAMBOATS, CANALS, & RR • 1807 ROBERT LIVINGSTON & ROBERT FULTON INTRODUCED STEAMBOAT: CLERMONT

  11. TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION • GIBBONS V OGDEN 1824 S.C. CASE OVER MONOPOLY ISSUE WITH L-F • NEXT: CANALS • 1817-1825 NY ERIE CANAL—CONNECTING HUDSON RIVER WITH LAKE ERIE • ENABLED TRIP FROM OHIO TO NYC WITH A CONTINUOUS STRETCH OF WATERWAY

  12. NEXT: RAILROADS • 1825 FIRST COMMERCIAL RR BEGAN OPERATION • NOT UNTIL LATER DID TRANSCONTINENTAL RR COME ABOUT • 2 ISSUES: 1. RR PRIVATELY OWNED; NOT GOV’T 2. MORE EXPENSIVE TO SHIP BY RR RATHER THAN BY CANAL

  13. GROWTH OF CITIES • PGS. 259-263 ON YOUR OWN INDUSTRIAL BEGINNINGS • U.S. LAGGED BEHIND GB WITH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • SAMUEL SLATER 1789 IMMIGRATED TO US • DESIGNED & BUILT FIRST COTTOM MILL

  14. CAUSES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION • EM ACT OF 1807 • ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS • TENSIONS IN RURAL ECONOMIES • NEW TECHNOLOGIES • DESIRE TO CUT COSTS • NAMES SUCH AS FRANCIS CABOT LOWELL; ELI WHITNEY

  15. WALTHAM & LOWELL MILLS • TURNED OUT FINISHED FABRICS THAT ONLY LEFT ONE ADDITIONAL STEP: STITCHING INTO CLOTHES • 80% WORKERS YOUNG UNMARRIED WOMEN • WORKERS HAD TO LIVE IN COMPANY HOUSING; ATTEND CHURCH ON SABBATH; COMPANY’S “MORAL POLICE”

  16. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CON’T • ARTISANS & WORKERS IN MID-ATLANTIC CITIES • EQUALITY & INEQUALITY • URBAN INEQUALITY : THE RICH & THE POOR

  17. CON’T • FREE BLACKS IN THE NORTH • “THE MIDDLING CLASSES”—TERM APPLIED TO FAMILIES HEADED BY PROFESSIONALS, SMALL MERCHANTS/MANUFACTURERS/SELF-EMPLOYED/LAND OWNERS • TITLE TO MOST AM AT THE ANTEBELLUM TIME IN HISTORY (BEFORE CIVIL WAR)

  18. REVOLUTION IN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS • ATTACK ON PROFESSIONS • CHALLENGE TO FAMILY AUTHORITY • WIVES & HUSBANDS

  19. CON’T • HORIZONTAL ALLEGIANCES & RISE OF VOL. ASSOCIATIONS

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