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WP 2: Optimisation of oil-rich crops primary processing Deliverable D 2.2

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This workshop deliverable discusses the optimization of oil-rich crop processing, focusing on the valorisation of side-stream products (SSRP) obtained during vegetable oil refining. Key components such as sterols, tocopherols, and glycerides are analyzed for potential applications in biodiesel and biofuel production. The document outlines various biodiesel production schemes, including the use of soapstock and acid oils, detailing pre-treatment and post-treatment processes essential for producing high-quality biodiesel. The presentation emphasizes multiple conversion routes and highlights industrial applications.

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WP 2: Optimisation of oil-rich crops primary processing Deliverable D 2.2

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  1. WP 2: Optimisation of oil-rich crops primary processing Deliverable D 2.2 Valorisation of side-stream products (SSRP) obtained during refining of vegetable oils dr. ir. Camelia Echim Prof. dr. ir. Roland Verhé Prof. dr. ir. Christian Stevens ~Workshop Foggia, 23-26th April, 2009~

  2. Vegetable oils composition: • Sterols (free, esterified) FFA • Tocopherols, tocotrienols Minor compounds • Color pigments Glycerides • Squalene, phosholipids, • metals etc. Foggia 23-26 th April 2009

  3. Refining process of vegetable oils (NBD) (RBD) Foggia 23-26 th April 2009

  4. Typicalcompositionof the SSRPs Foggia 23-26 th April 2009

  5. Applications of the SSRPs Foggia 23-26 th April 2009

  6. Production of biodiesel/biofuel fromSSRPs Foggia 23-26 th April 2009

  7. Estimates for the production of SSRPs *Source: Malaysian Palm Oil, 2007 **DD=1.2 x FFA of crude oil (Vries RJ, 1984) #AO=1.7 x FFA of crude oil (Vries RJ, 1984) ***SS= 2 x AO PO=100%RBD SBO, RSO= 50%RBD+50%NBD SFO=75%RBD+25%NBD Foggia 23-26th April 2009

  8. Biodiesel production scheme for soapstock (SS) and acid oil (AO) • Chemically or enzymatically catalysed processes • Incomplete conversion => -pre-treatment • soap-splitting and/or • hydrolysis or • drying/filtration or • transesterification -post-treatment • distillation SOAPSTOCK (FFA, acylglycerol, etc) Hydrolysis Drying and/or filtration Soap-splitting (AO) Transesterification Hydrolysis Esterification Esterification Esterification Distillation Distillation BIODIESEL BIODIESEL BIODIESEL via direct conversion via hydrolysis route via soap-splitting route EN14214: YES NOT NOT YES

  9. Biodiesel production scheme for acid oil (AO) via acylglycerol route • Chemically catalysed process or non-catalytic process • Incomplete conversion => -post-treatment • distillation EN14214: YES

  10. Biodiesel production scheme for deodorizer distillates by direct conversion • Chemically or enzymatically catalysed process • Incomplete conversion => -pre-treatment • hydrolysis -post-treatment • transesterification or distillation EN14214: YES YES NOT

  11. Biodiesel production scheme for deodorizer distillate via acylglycerol route • Enzymatically catalysed process or non-catalytic process • Incomplete conversion => -post-treatment • distillation EN14214: YES NOT

  12. Case study 1FACT (Fatty Acid Conversion Technology)* • STAND ALONE PROCESS • For high acidity feedstocks • (fatty acid distillates) • Chemically catalysed process (heterogenesous catalyst, 90°C, 3.5 bar) • To produce biofuels • To produce biodiesel according to EN14214 by distillation of FAME *F. Soragna, Desmet Ballestra Group (2008, 2009)

  13. Case study 2FACT (Fatty Acid Conversion Technology)* • INTEGRATED PROCESS • For medium/high acidity feedstocks • Chemically catalysed process (heterogenesous catalyst, 90°C, 3.5 bar) • Integrated transesterification step • To produce biofuels • To produce biodiesel according • to EN14214 *F. Soragna, Desmet Ballestra Group (2008, 2009)

  14. References: • Vries RJ (1984) Utilization of Malaysian Palm oil and Palm Kernel Oil for fatty acids and derivatives. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc, 61 (2): 404-407. • Malaysian Palm Oil. Fact sheets (2007). Malaysian Palm Oil Council and Malaysian Palm Oil Board: 2-63. • EN 14214:2003. Automotive Fuels - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) for Diesel Engines - Requirements and Test Methods. • Soragna F. (2008) Alternative routes to process low quality raw materials to produce biodiesel. Biofuel. 3 rd Annual meeting 28-30 October, Berlin. • Soragna F. (2009)New Desmet Ballestra FACT (Fatty Acids Conversion Technology), personal communication. Foggia 23-26 th April 2009

  15. Conclusions • There are multiple routes to converting the SSRPs to biodiesel, some of which have found industrialapplication and others have a scientific value. • There is a general trend to pre-treat the soapstock before converting it to FAME, either by acidulation, in order to generate AO (soap-splitting route) or by hydrolysis of neutral oil (hydrolysis route). • Starting from deodorizer distillate two processes (direct conversion or via acylglycerols route) are shown to produce biodiesel. • Pre-treatment of the feedstock or post-treatment of the final biodiesel is often required in order to meet the quality specifications. • Using a combination of technologies, low-value lipid resources are converted into biodiesel that complies with the EU and ASTM specifications.

  16. Thank you for your attention!! Foggia 23-26th April 2009

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