Tolerance and Public Administration in I ntegrated Europe

1. Tolerance and Public Administration in Integrated Europe Assoc.Prof. Selçuk Çolakoğlu Adnan Menderes University 5 June 2010, Bialystok

2. What Is Diversity?Being diverse, difference, unlikeliest, variety • Racial/Ethnic • Religious • Cultural • Age • Gender • Disability

3. What is tolerance? To understand and embrace people from different backgrounds and those who have different beliefs; not judging others based on superficial qualities. In practice, "tolerance" indicates support for practices that prohibit ethnic and religious discrimination. • Intolerance refers to the discriminatory practices.

4. History Social Status Social Group Interaction Patterns Value Orientations Language and Communication: Verbal and Nonverbal Family Life Processes Healing Beliefs and Practices Religion Art and Expressive Forms Diet/Foods Recreation Clothing Aspects of Culture or Ethnicity

5. NATIONAL REGIONAL PROFESSIONAL / EDUCATIONAL GENDER CLASS RELIGIOUS GENERATIONAL ETHNIC CORPORATE PERSONAL Cultural Dimensions

6. Am I Diverse? • Who am I? • What about my family? • Who are my friends? • Who do I associate with?

7. Do I think Diverse? • What am I comfortable with? • Am I willing to go outside the box? • Can I change myself? • Can I go beyond tolerance?

8. What is ethnicity? From ethnic category to concepts of ethnic community. “Ethnie“ is a named human population with myths of common ancestry, shared historical memories, one or more elements of common culture, a link with a homeland, a sense of solidarity among at least some members. - covers both majority and minority population. vs multiple identities, situational (transcending) ethnicities, hybridity

9. What is race? • Race remains a legitimate concept for sociological analysis because social actors treat is as real and organise their lives and practices by reference to it. (van den Berghe) • Race is only an ideological construct that is used by social scientists for legitimising the status quo.(Robert Miles) • Clearly there are no such things as races. Yet it is equally clear that large numbers of people behave as if there are. (D. Mason)

10. Race vs Ethnicity • Race is often treated as ideology • ethnicity as a real phenomenon. • Racial refers mainly to physical terms, • ethnic rather to cultural terms. • Race refers to them, • ethnicity to us. • Both concepts always imply social relationship.

11. What is minority? group of people distinguished by physical or cultural characteristics subject do different and unequal treatment by the society in which they live and who regard themselves as victims of collective discrimination 1945 Louis Wirth

12. Minority • must be a 'nondominant' group; • its members must 'possess ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics differing from those of the rest of the population‚ • must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of solidarity, directed towards preserving their culture, traditions, religion or language' • Also nondominant groups that may be a numerical majority in a state, • those who are not necessarily nationals or citizens of the state where they reside.

13. National minorities Indigenous people Immigrants Refugees Guestworkers Descendants of slaves Roma Religious groups Autonomy Fair terms of integration Inclusion Affirmative action Cultural rights Different minority groups-Different claims and expectations

14. Integration Models Three models of minority integration: • Assimilation (majority- comformity) • Amalgamation (melting pot) • Accommodation (pluralism) (multiculturalism) Multiculturalism = diversity + cooperation Parillo, 1997

15. Discrimination:Personal – Cultural - StructuralNeil Thompson

16. Racisms • Racism involves • stereotypes about difference and inferiority • use of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugate • The Parekh Report, 2000 • Attitudes • Behaviour • Structures Inequality Prejudice Discrimination

17. assimilation is possible yes no yes compulsory assimilation racist double-bind assimilation is required no pluralism segregation Assimilation and Racism(Bauböck)

18. Assimilationist model DIFFERENCEDEFICIT ASSIMILATION COMPENSATORY PROGRAMMES Does the individual fit into the System or ‘Institution’? ASSIMILATION

19. Multiculturalism Model Cultural Effects CULTURES LIFESTYLES ATTITUDES PLURALIST TOLERANCE AND HARMONY  Does the organisation of this ‘institution’ recognise Diversity ? PLURALIST

20. Equity/Rights Model Social and Political Effects EQUITY PARTICIPATION ANTIDISCRIMINATORY LIFE CHANCES Are people enabled in this‘institution’? Do the structures allow for achievement, growth and opportunities? ANTIDISCRIMINATORY

21. EU’s Legal Base of anti-discrimination • Amsterdam Treaty (Article 13) • Two Directives (2000/43/EC, 2000/78/EC) • European Framework Convention for protection of national minorities (FCNM) CERD, CRC, CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR, etc. i.e. framework for public policies promoting positive interethnic relations, elimination of discrimination and racism.

22. Green paper on Equality and non-discrimination in an enlarged EU in 2000 The EU adopted two Directives (Directive 2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC) prohibiting direct and indirect discrimination on grounds of racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age and sexual orientation. These texts contain precise definitions of direct and indirect discrimination and of harassment.

23. The EU rejects theories which attempt to determine the existence of separate human races. Race is a social construct, i.e. a category without any biological underpinning. EU’s Race Directive

24. The European Council of Religious Leaders –Istanbul Declaration on Tolerance on 26-28 April 2010 • Traditional European cultures are faced with new challenges. • In the first decade of the 21st century religion came to be recognised as an important force in European societies. • There are tragic examples of strained relationships between people of different faiths, but more often religious people live peacefully together, and initiatives for interreligious dialogue and cooperation are multiplying.

25. Religious Harmony

26. Tolerance requires mutuality and is a precondition for a culture of peace • - Tolerance is an active recognition of diversity and means respecting the otherness in terms of religion and culture. • -  Tolerance means respecting the other’s human rights, but not necessarily sharing his or her viewpoints. • -  Tolerance implies that all may speak openly and freely, also when their views are controversial. • -  Tolerance meets its most difficult challenge when faced with the intolerant. • A cohesive and peaceful society must protect itself and its institutions against intolerance.

27. Commitments to interreligioustolerance in Europe • In our teaching, preaching and in exercising our leadership roles we will emphasise mutual respect and acceptance. • We can try to prevent any form of hate speech, whether it is in the form of anti-semitism, Islamophobia, attacks on Christians or any other religion. • We will work for the rights of all religions to be visible in the public square,including religious symbols, wearing religious dress, establishing schools for the education, and building places of worship. • We will support further efforts to establish a Universal Code on Holy Sites like places of worship, shrines and cemeteries.

28. Group Study • Discuss: What are the problems of different groups? • What is your solution to get a more multicultural and peaceful society? • 1. National minorities • 2. Religious minorities • 3. Migrant workers • 4. Racial (black/white/Asian) discrimination • 5. Country-level regional discrimination