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The Civil War

The Civil War. Events leading up to and during the Civil War. I. Sectionalism. Each region of the United States gradually evolved its own distinct social system South

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The Civil War

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  1. The Civil War Events leading up to and duringthe Civil War

  2. I. Sectionalism • Each region of the United States gradually evolved its own distinct social system • South • Slavery (“peculiar institution”); invention of the cotton gin and the increased demand for raw cotton lead to an expansion of slavery • 1/3rd of the population in the South were slaves

  3. I. Sectionalism • Northwest • Dominated by small, independent farmers • The “bread basket” of the U.S. • Northeast • Center of manufacturing

  4. II. Slavery • Abolitionists – saw slavery as a moral evil • Many former slaves, such as Frederick Douglas, Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman gave speeches and wrote books about what they had experienced • William Lloyd Garrison wrote The Liberator • Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin

  5. II. Slavery • Pro-Slavery Southerners • Believed slaves were better treated than factory workers in the North • They feared that emancipating millions of slaves might lead to social disorder and violence against whites

  6. III. Westward Expansion • Expansionist Policies • Annexation of Mexican territory gave rise to the question “should these territories have slave or free labor”? • Republican Party formed in 1854 to stop the spread of slavery • Slave states wanted to keep control in the Senate

  7. IV. The Breakdown of Compromise • The Missouri Compromise, 1820 • Missouri admitted as slave state • Maine admitted as free state • No other slavery was to be allowed in the area north of the southern boundary of Missouri (36˚30’ N line of latitude)

  8. IV. The Breakdown of Compromise • The Compromise of 1850 • California was admitted as free state • Popular sovereignty was applied to the other territories taken from Mexico • New and stricter fugitive slave laws was passed (greatly resented in the North) • Sale of slaves was banned in Washington, D.C.

  9. Activity Examine the maps on the handout and answer the questions on the Compromises of 1820 and 1850

  10. IV. The Breakdown of Compromise • Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1954 • Stephen Douglas wanted to build a rail road through Nebraska/Kansas territory • Applied popular sovereignty which would repeal The Missouri Compromise • Republican Party was formed in direct response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act

  11. IV. The Breakdown of Compromise • “Bleeding Kansas”, 1855 – 56 • Both pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces tried to influence the outcome in Kansas • Two rival governments formed, one pro-slavery and one anti-slavery • Federal government eventually had to send in troops to restore order

  12. IV. The Breakdown of Compromise • The Dred Scott Decision, 1857 • Dred Scott sued for his freedom after living in Illinois and Wisconsin for several years (free states) • Chief Justice Roger Taney announced the decision: • As an African American, Scott was not a U.S. citizen and therefore had not right to sue • Prohibition of slavery in northern territories by the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional – Congress cannot take citizen’s property away

  13. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) “[African Americans] had no rights which the white man was bound to respect; and that the negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit. He was bought and sold and treated as an ordinary article of merchandise, whenever profit could be made by it. [Referring to language in the Declaration of Independence] it is too clear for dispute, that the enslaved African race were not intended to be included, and formed no part of the people who framed and adopted this declaration…” – Chief Justice Taney

  14. Activity • Pretend you are putting Chief Justice Roger Taney on trial for his opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford. • Did the Supreme Court act fairly and reasonably in reaching its decision? • Did the Justices follow the U.S. Constitution, based on the views of that time? • Should they have reached a different decision?

  15. V. Differences in Constitutional Interpretation: States’ Rights • Southerners were strong supporters of states’ rights • Each state had joined the Union voluntarily, it also had the power to withdraw • Northerners believed that the Constitution was the work of the American people and not individual states

  16. Election of 1860

  17. Secession • South Carolina was first to secede • Six other states quickly followed; FL was the third • Southern states became the “Confederate States of America” with Jefferson Davis as president

  18. Shots Fired at Fort Sumter • Lincoln wanted to send food and supplies to Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina • South fired upon Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861 • After this attack Virginia and 3 other states joined the South and the border states of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware sided with the North • West Virginia was created

  19. Firing on Fort Sumter

  20. Debate on the proposition that the Southern states had the right to secede from the Union. Activity

  21. The Course of the Civil War Advantages of the North Advantages of the South Strong military leadership Fighting for their way of life • More industrialized with more railroads, factories, mines, roads, and canals • More coal, iron, gold, and other natural resources • Merchant ships and control of U.S. Navy

  22. General Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan” “Strangle” the South with a naval blockade of Southern ports and the use of Northern naval power to seize control of the Mississippi and divide the Confederacy in two

  23. The Emancipation Proclamation • After Antietam victory Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation • All slaves in those states still in rebellion would be freed • Did not actually free any slaves at all in states that recognized federal gov’t • Result: Made the war about slavery, encouraged slaves to join the Union, and discouraged Britain and France from helping the Confederacy

  24. Turning Point of the War • July 1863 – Gettysburg • Confederate forces were defeated • 50,000 troops were injured or killed • Lee never advanced into the North again • Day after Battle of Gettysburg, farther to the west, Grant won the Battle of Vicksburg giving the North control over the Mississippi River Valley

  25. Read, answer, and discuss the Gettysburg Address Activity

  26. The Last Year of the War • Ulysses S. Grant became commander of Union army • General Sherman marched from Atlanta to Savannah, GA and then up the coast into the Carolinas • “Total War” – destroy everything in your path so enemy cannot use or steal back

  27. The Surrender • Grant takes the Confederate capital of Richmond • April 9, 1865 – Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox • President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth less than one week later

  28. Florida in Focus • In 1860, the population of FL was just over 140,000 people • 40% were slaves • Seminole Indians had been confined to reservations a half century earlier • North sought to control FL’s coastline • Occupied Fort Pickens near Pensacola • Lee wanted FL’s agriculture and cattle • 1864 – Battle of Olustee; 5,200 Confederate troops defeated 5,500 Union soldiers

  29. Make a chart summarizing the effects of the Civil War. Consider the war’s political, economic, and social effects Activity

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