POPULATION AND MIGRATION

1. POPULATION AND MIGRATION

2. Population Change Birth rate: amount of children born 1000 Death Rate: amount of people who die per 1000 The social situation in a country can change the birth and death rates and therefore cause population growth or decline. Eg better medical facilities mean people live longer and so there will be a lower death rate

3. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL: Shows how population can change over time Birth rate lower than death rate and population falls Birth rate starts to fall more rapidly due to family planning and death rate slightly falls due to better diet and medicine Population stops growing Death rate/ birth rate fluctuate because of various diseases and famines that take place at this time Population stays same as birth and death rates the same. Birth rate the same but death rate falls due to better diet and medicine Population grows naturally, Birth rate starts to fall slowly due to family planning and death rate slightly falls due to better diet and medicine Population grows more slowly Note: Developing countries like Brazil are Stage 2

4. FACTORS WHICH AFFECT POPULATION CHANGE. WOMENS ROLE FOOD SUPPLIES HEALTH WAR If women are better educated and work they will have less children lowering the birth rate. In many developing countries women do not work and have more children leading to higher birth rates. War can in increase the death rate due to conflict. It can also prevent investment in health and education which can affect both birth and death ratess Access to health care can increase birth rates and lower death rates meaning a population will increase Countries with famines or lack of food supplies will have high birth and death rates leading to population decline.

5. Impact: fewer old people less pressure to provide care for elderly • Low death rate older people due to: • Access to medical services • Good diet and nutrition • High death rate older people due to: • Lack of access to medical services • Poor diet and nutrition Population Pyramids. Impact: Pressure to provide medical and care services for the elderly Developing country eg Brazil Developed country eg Germany • Low birth rate due to: • Family planning access to contraception • People having less children due to cost of living • Delay having children til later in life • High birth rate due to: • Lack of contraception • Less women working • More children to work and earn money Impact: fewer young people means less workers paying tax to fund government Impact: More money needs to be spent on education pressure to provide schools

6. MIGRATION Where people move from one place to another. This will affect population change because if more people move into a place the population will increase there but decrease where they have come from Better entertainment facilities Overcrowding and disease Tolerance for different races, religions etc Pull Factors Reasons attracted to new country Push Factors Reasons people leave Racism, Sexism, Homophobia Better schools and housing War Not enough farmland to feed all the people Lack of crime. Safety Unemployment Freedom from oppression Poverty and famine Work and employment opportunities Boredom and a lack of recreation facilities Pleasant climate

7. Effects of high and low population densities

8. India has close to one billion people living in its country. Calcutta is one of India’s most densily populated cities with over 15 million people living in the city. • Poor migrants that come from other parts of Inida live in slums around the edge of the city called shanty towns or bustees. • Problems that people in Calcutta face are overcrowding, lack of open space, lack of clean water and pollution

12. Overcrowding The population density in Calcutta is 35000 per square km, this make calcutta one of the most densily popullated cities in the world. This overcrowding results in overcrowded homes been made of loose material and more than half a million people having no homes at all.

16. Lack of open space This overcrowding also results means there is very little open space in the city, unlike modern cities like Dublin and London. All space in the city is taken up by houses or bustees.

20. Clean water With the city expanding up along the Hooghly river for 50 km the river gets easily polluted. Only rich people can afford the technology for filtering water. The rest of the popullation use dirty river water which results in diseases.

22. Pollution The bustees and slums of calcutta have many types of pollution with sewage and other waste in open drains which floods during the monsoon season. There is also a large amount of garbage the litter that pile up with nobody employed to move it.

25. Hong kong • Hong kong located in the south of china is another city affected by overcrowding. It is rich compared to Calcutta but some of its inhabitants are still poor. It is one hundred times more densely populated than Ireland. • Kong kong suffers the same problems as Calcutta such as overcrowding, lack of open space, lack of clean water and pollution.

29. Overcrowding Becasue of the severe population density many peopl live in shanty towns or poor apartments. The city has expanded upwards as well as outwards to meet the rising population. The city is so overcrowded that schools run a 16 hours system with students having a choice of coming in the morings or the evenings.

34. Lack of open space In mainland Hong Kong space is at a premium. On the fringes on the city there is more space with new housing estates being developed. Space is so scarce in the city itself that industries are building on polders which is land that is reclaimed from the sea.

37. Clean water Becasue Hong Kong is a modern city there is a clean supply of water, but the beaches and sea are full of industrial waste and sewage making it impossible to go swimming. This problems was highlighted in the olympics where any sailors who fell into the sea quickly fell sick

38. Pollution Air pollution in Hong Kong is immediately evident from the constant fog that hangs over the city. This smog is a result of traffic pollution. There is also a high level of noise and visual pollution with ugly high rise buildings.

42. Low population density • With low population densities, where areas are under populated there is often a very low marriage rate, political and economic isolation and abandoment of agricultural land. • Examples of areas with low population densities are the West of Ireland, and Mali in Africa.

45. Low marriage rates in the west of Ireland

47. Abondement of Land • With this decline in population and the migration of young people, there are less and less people to farm the land which becomes abandonded. • With the older generation left to farm the land by themselves the EU give grants and pensions to Elderly farmers who turn their land into forestry.