Arms Race

1. Arms Race of the cold war Sam Williams

2. Introduction • Cold War is the state of conflict, tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR) and their respective allies from the mid-1940s to the early 1990s.

3. During the Cold War, in addition to the American and Soviet nuclear stockpiles, other countries also developed nuclear weapons, though none engaged in warhead production on nearly the same size as the two superpowers. Nuclear arms race The nuclear arms race was a competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War. U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945-2006.

4. United States Soviet Union Major powers

5. Atomic Spies Klaus Fuchs Theodore Hall These atomic spies kept Stalin well informed of American developments

6. Roosevelt 1933 to 1945 Started Manhattan Project (nuclear weapon program) Stalin 1922 to 1953 Started nuclear weapons program Major Players

7. Truman 1945 to 1953 Launched the first two nuclear weapon attacks Helped Create NATO Eisenhower 1953 to 1961 • Resolved to reduce military spending by brandishing the United States' nuclear superiority

8. Kennedy 1961 to 1963 Resolved Cuban Missile Crisis Signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Khrushchev 1953 to 1964 • Established the Warsaw Pact in 1955 in response to the formation of NATO • Initiated the deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba

9. Nixon1969 to 1974 Signed Salt I Signed ABM Treaty Ford 1974 to 1977 Continued the détente policy with Soviet Union Brezhnev 1964 to 1982 Signed Salt I Signed ABM Treaty Signed Salt II

10. Carter 1977 to 1981 Signed Salt II Reagan 1981 to 1989 Escalated the Cold War, reversal from the policy of détente which began in 1979 following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Signed the INF Treaty

11. Bush(Senior) 1989 to 1993 Signed Start I Signed Start II Gorbachev 1985 to 1991 Signed the INF Treaty Signed Start I

12. Bush 2001 to 2008 Withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty Signed Sort Putin 2000 to 2008 Signed Sort

13. Mutually Assured Destruction • By the 1950s both the United States and Soviet Union had the power to destroy each other. Both sides developed a "second-strike" capability, they could attack even launch a devastating after sustaining a full assault from the other side.

14. MAD Continued This policy was part of what became known as Mutually Assured Destruction: both sides knew that any attack upon the other would be suicide for themselves as well, and would restrain from attacking one another.

15. Treaties • Partial Test Ban Treaty - 1963: Prohibited all testing of nuclear weapons except underground. • Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - signed 1968, came into force 1970: An international treaty to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. • Interim Agreement on Offensive Arms (SALT I) - 1972: USSR and the US agreed to a freeze in the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) that they would deploy. • Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) - 1972: The US and USSR could deploy ABM interceptors at two sites, each with up to 100 ground-based launchers for ABM interceptor missiles. • Strategic Arms Limitation Treat (SALT II) - 1979: Replacing SALT I, SALT II limited both the USSR and the US to an equal number of ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, and heavy bombers. Also placed limits on Multiple Independent Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVS).

16. Continued • Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) - 1987: Created a global ban on short- and long-range nuclear weapons systems. • Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) - signed 1991, In force 1994: Limited long-range nuclear forces in the US and the newly independent states of the former USSR to 6,000 attributed warheads on 1,600 ballistic missiles and bombers. • Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II (START II) - signed 1993, never put into force: START II was a bilateral agreement between the US and Russia which attempted to deploy no more than 3,000 to 3,500 warheads by December 2007. • Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) - signed 2002, into force 2003: A very loose treaty that is often criticized by arms control advocates for its ambiguity and lack of depth, Russia and the US agreed to reduce their "strategic nuclear warheads" to between 1,700 and 2,200 by 2012.

17. Nuclear disarmament Nuclear disarmament is the proposed dismantling of nuclear weapons. Proponents of nuclear disarmament say that it would lessen the probability of nuclear war occurring, especially accidentally. Critics of nuclear disarmament say that it would undermine deterrence, which has kept the world free of nuclear war since 1945.

18. Early Nuclear timeline 1941 - President Roosevelt authorizes the Manhattan Project 1949, Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb, Joe 1 1961, U.S.S.R. explodes the world's largest nuclear bomb 1945, August 6, Little Boy, was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. 1960, France tests their first nuclear bomb 1945, August 9, Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. 1964, China tests their first nuclear bomb 1945, July 16, U.S. explodes the world's first atomic bomb 1952, First British atomic bomb, Hurricane, was tested

19. Timeline Disarmament and Arms limitations Agreements since 1925 1985 South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Multilateral Agreements 1977 Environmental Weapons 1967 Outer Space Treaty 1971 Seabed Treaty 1972 Biological weapons convention 1963 Partial Nuclear test Ban Treaty 1968 Nuclear non-proliferation Treaty 1981 Inhumane Weapons 1925 Geneva Protocol 1979 Salt 2 1972 SALT 1 1972-74 ABM Treaty 1987 INF Treaty 1976 Peaceful nuclear Treaty Explosions Bilateral US/USSR Agreements

20. Timeline Disarmament and Arms limitations Agreements since 1991 Bilateral US/USSR Agreements 1991 Start I 2002 Sort 1993 Start II Bilateral US/Russia Agreements