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The Beginnings of Industrialization . Chapters 25.1-25.2. Industrial Revolution:. The rapid development of industry brought about by the introduction of machine manufacturing. Began in England in the mid-1700’s and eventually spread to the rest of the world. I. I.R. Begins in Britain
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The Beginnings of Industrialization Chapters 25.1-25.2
Industrial Revolution: The rapid development of industry brought about by the introduction of machine manufacturing. Began in England in the mid-1700’s and eventually spread to the rest of the world
I. I.R. Begins in Britain • A. Agricultural Revolution paves the way • 1. 1700’s--Small family farms were bought up by wealthy landowners • 2. Wealthy landowners formed Enclosures • 3. Experiment w/new farming methods that increased output. • i. Seeding in rows (JethroTull) • ii. Crop Rotation • iii. Selective breeding of livestock • 4. Abundant food = Population boom • i. Increased demand for goods • ii. Factories needed to be developed to meet demand • iii. Farmers become factory workers
B. Why England was first to Industrialize (Process of developing machine production of goods) • 1. Large population of available workers, and demand for goods (colonies) • 2. Abundant Natural Resources (@ home & colonies): • i. Rivers for transport • ii. Coal to fuel steam engines • iii. Iron ore to construct tools and machines • iv. Established harbors to ship goods • 3. Stable banking system (business loans) • 4. Stable government (No wars fought on British soil in decades) • 5. They had all the Factors of Production (Things needed to produce goods & services)
C. Inventions Spur Industrialization • 1. Textile Industry • i. Edmund Cartwright’s power loom (1787) • ii. Loom size leads to factories • iii. Eli Whitney—Cotton gin (1793) • D. Improvements in Transportation • 1. Industry led to a search for better power sources • and ways to transport goods. • i. Steam Engine—James Watt (1780’s) • ii. Canals are built for steam-powered boats • iii. Roads are improved—drainage systems & gravel • E. The RR Age • 1. Steam Engine made RR’s possible (1820’s) • 2. George Stephenson—builds world’s first railway line (coal) • 3. Liverpool-Manchester RR opens in 1830—Stephenson’s Rocket • 4. RR’s completely revolutionize life in GB • i. Spurred further industrial growth • ii. Creates jobs for RR workers & miners • iii. Fishing industries boom • iv. People move to cities to become factory workers
Industrialization, A Mixed Blessing • A. Industrialization changes life—Wages rose for many as factories paid better than working on farms • 1. Urbanization: People moved in masses to cities in search of factory work. Factories were clustered in urban areas around means of energy (water/coal) • 2. City Living Conditions—Cities rose so fast there were no development plans, sanitation, police protection. • i. Disease spreads (Cholera) • ii. 1842--Life span=17, vs. 38 in rural areas • 3. Working conditions—14 hours/6 days a week. • i. Machines were extremely dangerous • ii. Child Labor
B. Social Classes • 1. Middle class is created: Skilled workers, businesspeople, and professionals • 2. Working Class (factory laborers) saw little of the money created by the system trickle down to them. Their lives remained difficult (Luddite attacks) • C. Positive Effects of the I.R. • 1. Jobs • 2. Fostered technological development • 3. Raised the standard of living (1st among wealthy and middle class, then among lower class as Factory Acts were eventually passed first in 1819) • 4. Housing, diet, and clothing became better • 5. Educational opportunities improved as need for skilled labor increased (public education is a direct result of the I.R.
