Human Body Systems

1. Human Body Systems By Marie Gengler

2. Table of Contents • Digestive System • Circulatory System • Respiratory System • Immune System • Excretory System

3. Digestive System

4. Digestive System The main function of the digestive system is to break down the food we eat into smaller parts so the body can use them for energy and cell nourishment. They also package the residue for waste disposal.

5. Digestive System Saliva from your mouth begins the digestion process, it occurs before you even touch your food. Saliva glands which are accessory organs to the digestion process by making the saliva which begins the process. Then you chew the food and your saliva starts to break done the food. Next your tongue pushes your food done, past your pharynx, and into your Esophagus. The pharynx allows air to pass through and allows food to pass through to the esophagus.

6. Digestive System The next step in the digestive system cycle is the esophagus. The esophagus delivers food to your stomach through muscle contractions called peristalsis. Next your stomach contains the food while your food is getting mixed with digestive enzymes. The acids and enzymes then break up your food into a liquid mixture. The stomach then empties its contents into the small intestine.

7. Digestive Enzyme The small intestine then breaks done the flood mixture even further getting vitamins, fats, minerals, proteins carbohydrates. The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are three accessory organs during the digestive process in the small intestine. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes that break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in the first portion of the small intestine.

8. Digestive System The liver processes nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from the liver also plays a role in digesting fat. The gallbladder absorbs and digests fat. Now any waste left in your small intestine moves into the large intestine. The large intestine processes the waste and slowly water is removed and becomes a solid creating stool.

9. Digestive Enzyme Then the large intestine pushes the stool into the rectum. The rectum stores the stool until the brain decides to release its contents. The final step of the digestive system is when your stool moves into your anus. The anus is what keeps the stool in you until you are ready to dispose of the waste. Another accessory muscle is the sphincter muscles. Sphincter muscles close bodily passages and openings. The muscle aids the stomach and anus.

10. Digestive System Digestion of large food molecules is essential because most of the food that humans eat are compounds from other organisms that aren’t suitable for human tissues and food molecules have to be small enough to be absorbed by the intestine for absorption to occur.

11. Digestive System Enzymes in digestion break down food into smaller parts. The enzyme Amylase breaks down carbohydrates. Protease breaks down proteins. Fats are broken down be the enzyme Lipase.

12. Digestive System Physical Digestion is the process of changing the properties physically but does not create anything new. Examples are the teeth and stomach. Chemical Digestion is when new molecules are produced. Examples are the actions of enzymes in saliva, gastric juices, and etc. Both digestions are similar in that they are both digestions and they break down food into smaller components.

13. Digestive System Carbohydrate digestion takes place in the mouth first with the salivary amylase enzyme. Then in the stomach amylase continues to break down carbohydrates. Once in the small intestine pancreatic amylase, dextrinase, glucomylase, maltase, sucrose, and lactase enzymes complete the carbohydrate digestion. Protein digestion first takes place in the stomach with the protease enzyme pepsin. Then the small intestine the pancreatic enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin. Finally protein digestion is complete with the enzymes dipeptidase and peptidase. Lipid Digestion takes place in the mouth first with the enzyme lipase. Digestion is continued in the small intestine with lipase. Digestion then continues with the gallbladder then finishes digestion when lipids break it down.

14. Digestive System • Irritable Bowel Syndrome • Irritable Bowel Syndrome is changes in bowl movements. • Symptoms are pain, fullness, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and cramping for three days a month for the past three months. • It occurs after an infection of the intestines. 1 of 6 people in the United States have it. • The treatment is to eat a lactose-free diet for 2 weeks and exercise. Sometimes even colonoscopies will be done.

15. Digestive System • Lactose Intolerance • Lactose Intolerance is when you cannot digest lactose. It happens when there is not enough of the enzyme lactase. • Symptoms occur between 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating. Symptoms are abdominal bloating, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, gas nausea. • Children will not show signs that they have it until they are 3 years old. Occurs mainly in Caucasians and African Americans. • Decreases in milk consumption will help. Treatments include Enteroscopy, Lactose-hydrogen breath test, Lactose tolerance test, and Stool pH.

16. Circulatory System

17. Circulatory System The circulatory system helps give nutrients, gases blood cells, hormones and blood oxygen to every inch of the body. It is also a main cooling agent.

18. Circulatory System • Arteries are tubes that constrict and contract to the beat of the heart bringing blood away from the heart. • Capillaries are tiny tubes that connect the arteries and veins. They allow exchanges between the blood and surrounding tissues. • Veins are tubes with valves that allow blood to flow to the heart and the valves help control the blood flow.

19. Circulatory System The path of blood through the heart starts with blood entering through the venae cavaeand then moves into the right atrium. Then the blood flow moves from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the Tricuspid valve. Next the blood moves from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk through the pulmonary valve From there it moves to the pulmonary arteries and then the lungs. The blood then returns through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. From the atrium the blood moves to the left ventricle through the mitral valve. From there it moves to the aorta through the aortic valve.

20. Circulatory System Blood is composed of about 55% plasma. The rest of blood is composed of red blood cells (erythrocytes) , white blood cells (leukocytes) , and platelets.

21. Circulatory System Erythrocytes have a biconcave disk shape which aids the cell in transporting gases, It increases the surface area. The shape also makes it easy for the cell to squeeze through the narrow passages of the capillaries.

22. Circulatory System In an open and closed circulatory system both pump the blood using the heart. Open circulatory systems happen in mollusks, crustaceans, arthropods, and insects. Closed circulatory systems happen in vertebrates and invertebrates.

23. Fish have a two chambered heart with one atrium and one ventricle. Amphibians and reptiles have three chambers to their heart with two atria and one ventricle. In mammals (Birds) there are four chambers to the heart with two atria and two ventricles.

24. Circulatory System • Depression • Depression is an illness that causes sadness, loss of interest, and exhaustion. Depression can lead to physical and emotional problems. • Symptoms include sadness, insomnia, irritability, anger, fatigue, and changes of appetite. • Factors of depression include Biological Differences, Neurotransmitters, Hormones, Inherited Traits, Life events, and Early Childhood Trauma. • Some treatments for depression are medications and counseling.

25. Circulatory System • Heart Disease • Heart Disease are diseases of your blood vessels. • Systems of heart disease are chest pain and shortness of breath ,pain, weakness, and coldness. • Men are at greater risk. Smoking and a poor diet don’t help out your chances. Older aged people are at a higher risk than younger people. Obesity and High amounts of stress really hurt your chances for not getting a heart disease. • Treatments include life style changes, medications, surgery, and medical procedures.

26. Works Cited • http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/yrdd/ • http://health.rush.edu/HealthInformation/HIE%20Multimedia/1/000246.aspx • http://health.rush.edu/HealthInformation/HIE%20Multimedia/1/000276.aspx • http://www.innovateus.net/health/what-function-circulatory-system • http://visual.merriam-webster.com/human-being/anatomy/digestive-system.php • http://human-body-physiology.factoidz.com/physiology-the-digestive-system-part-3-revisited/ • http://everydayscienceforall.blogspot.com/2011/01/digestive-system-human-digestive-system.html • http://www.thewellingtoncardiacservices.com/the-heart-cardiovascular-system.asp • Human Anatomy Book • http://www2.gsu.edu/~bioasx/closeopen.html • http://universe-review.ca/R10-19-animals.htm • http://www.ideacenter.org/contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/1113 • http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/depression/DS00175 • http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/heart-disease/DS01120 • http://www.picturesdepot.com/tags/1/cardiovascular+system+diagram.html