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Human Body Systems

Human Body Systems . Alan Andrade 4-17-12 Period:1. Circulatory System. William Harvey

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Human Body Systems

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  1. Human Body Systems Alan Andrade 4-17-12 Period:1

  2. Circulatory System • William Harvey William Harvey was a physician during the 1600’s. He, like any good scientist, had questions about the way the blood would flow. In his experiments, Harvey would dissect hearts to find out more about the blood and its flow. He found out that the blood worked as a pump – not as a suction. This contradicted past beliefs from Galen, a Greek physician. Also, Harvey discovered that blood flowed through arteries and was a closed circuit meaning it couldn’t have been taken in by the body. With his works published – after a very long time – Harvey gave rise to new thought on the circulatory system.

  3. Circulatory System • Blood Vessels • Arteries: elastic vessels that transport blood away from the heart • Veins: elastic vessels that transport blood to the heart • Capillaries: extremely small vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins • Sinusoids: extremely small vessels located within the liver, spleen and bone marrow

  4. Blood Flow • The blood flow of all vertebrates is the same: closed circulatory system. • This means that blood is pumped throughout the body by blood vessels, but eventually comes back to the heart only to once again send it through the body.

  5. The Vertebrate Heart • Humans and other animals have four-chambered hearts which separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood completely. • Amphibians, such as the frog have three-chambered hearts: two atria and one ventricle. • Also some animals have hearts that just keep pumping blood to and from the heart so no separation occurs.

  6. Blood through the Heart • First the blood which almost has no oxygen goes into the right atrium then into the right ventricle. • Then, the right ventricle pumps this blood to the lungs so the blood can release waste and pick up oxygen. • Oxygen-rich blood then enters from the lungs to the left atrium then into the left ventricle which is then distributed into all of the body.

  7. Blood Type • Who donates to whom? • A: donate to type A or AB • B: donate to type B or AB • AB: donate to only AB blood type • O: donate to anyone

  8. Integumentary System • Integumentary System: the outer protective layer that helps with homeostasis • Structures in this system include the skin which has two layers: the dermis and epidermis. The basic cell of the epidermis is the Keratinocyte which contain keratin.

  9. Skin and its Structures

  10. Skeletal System • Maxilla Located in the upper jaw and is formed by the fusion of two bones. It serves to hold the upper teeth in place and also makes up the roof of the mouth. • Skull Located in the head. It includes the cranium and the mandible and forms a cavity for the brain. It serves to protect the brain from any injuries and fixing the distance between the eyes.

  11. Skeletal System • Mandible Located at the base of the jaw (also called the lower jaw or lower mandible.) It holds the lower teeth in place. Also has a prearticular bone while the articular bone forms the articulation with the skull. • Humerus Located in the forelimb and runs from the shoulder to the elbow. Connects the scapula and the lower arm. Muscles attached to the humerus are the biceps brachii, triceps brachii and anconeus.

  12. Skeletal System • Ulna: Located in the forearm. One of the two bones that make it up. It has a olecranon fossa which is a hook like structure preventing hyperextension. • Carpal: Located in the hand, the cluster of bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna, also the metacarpus. Its purpose is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm.

  13. Skeletal System • Pelvis: Located at the base of the spine. It connects the spine to the rear limbs. The muscle and tissue beneath the pelvic girdle are known as the pelvis floor. • Sacrum: Located near the pelvis at the base of the spine. Large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper back part of the pelvic cavity. It is curved outward allowing for greater room of the pelvic cavity.

  14. Skeletal System • Rib: Located in the chest that form the rib cage. This protects the lungs while still allowing for the lungs to expand thus facilitating breathing. Also, protect the heart, lungs, and organs of the thorax. • Femur: Located in the upper leg area from the pelvis to the patella. Largest bone in the body and helps with our daily activities such as running or jumping. It is also the strongest bone in the body.

  15. Skeletal System • Fibula: Located from the patella to the tarsal in the lower leg area. It is used for support of the body and also helps with the bodies extreme demands of jumping or walking. • Tarsal: Located in the foot and is the cluster of seven articulating bones in each foot. More specifically located in the lower end of the tibia and fibula. Facilitates the movements in the foot while performing the activities such as walking.

  16. Endocrine System • Glands and there Hormones • Kidney: secretes the hormones renin and erythropoietin • Thyroid: secretes thyroxin • Pituitary Gland: secretes many hormones such as the Growth hormone and prolactin • Pineal Gland : releases melatonin

  17. Muscular System • There are many muscles located in the upper arm. One of which is the deltoid which flexes and medially rotates arm at the shoulder. Also there is the biceps which is one of the most known muscles which weakly flex arm at shoulder and elbow. Lastly, there is the pectoralis major flexes arm at shoulder as well as medially rotate and adduct arm at shoulder.

  18. Nervous System • Central Nervous System Consists of these major parts: The brain, brain stem, and the spinal cord all of which contain nerves that allow the body to respond in the appropriate manner. • Peripheral Nervous System Consists of these major parts: The nerves that branch out from the spinal cord to through the body make up the peripheral nervous system.

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