HUMAN ANATOMY 101

1. HUMAN ANATOMY 101 Sports Medicine II Mrs. Marr

2. OBJECTIVES! • Review of major bones, muscles, ligaments and terminology • Identify and name major muscles • Identify and name major bones • Identify and name major ligaments • Correctly define and use common anatomical terminology

3. Basic Structural Levels HUMAN BODY Integumentary Heart Systems Skeletal Brain Organs Liver Respiratory Tissues Lungs Cells Muscular

4. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY • The standard reference body position is called “anatomical position”.All things we discuss in class refer to the body in this position

5. Postures and Direction of Movement • Supine • Someone in the supine position is lying on his or her back. • Prone • Someone in the prone position is lying face down

6. Postures and Direction of Movement • Right Lateral Recumbent • The Right lateral recumbent, or RLR, means that the patient is lying on their right side. • Left Lateral Recumbent • The left lateral recumbent, or LLR, means that the patient is lying on their left side.

7. Postures and Direction of Movement • Fowler's Position • A person in the Fowler's position is sitting straight up or leaning slightly back. Their legs may either be straight or bent. • Trendelenberg Position • A person in the Trendelenberg position is lying supine with their head slightly lower than their feet.

8. PLANES In anatomy, a body plane is an imaginary flat surface that is used to define a particular area of anatomy. We usually use the umbilicus as a point of reference

9. PLANES • FRONTAL (or coronal) separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts • MEDIAN (or midsagittal) separates body into Right and Left parts • HORIZONTAL (transverse or Cross-Section) separates the body into Superior and Inferior parts • SAGITTAL any plane parallel to the median plane • Parasagittal plane- Longitudinal section that divides the body in unequal left and right sections

10. Terms of Relation or Position Directional Terms- paired terms, each indication opposite directions. There are different terms when relating to humans and other animals Superior(closer to the head) Inferior (closer to the feet) reference point -- horizontal plane Medial(lying closer to the midline) Lateral(lying further away from the midline) reference point -- sagittal plane

11. Terms of Relation or Position • Posterior (dorsal) closer to the posterior surface of the body • Anterior (ventral) closer to the anterior surface of the body • reference point -- frontal or coronal plane • Proximal-closer to the origin of a structure • Distal-further away from the origin of a structure • reference point -- the origin of a structure

12. Terms of Relation or Position Superficialor Deep reference point -- surface of body or organ  Median- midline reference point -- along the midsagittal or median plane Intermediate -between two other structures

13. Terms of Relation or Position External or Internal refers to a hollow structure (external being outside and internal being inside)  Supine - face or palm up when lying on back Prone- face or palm down when lying on anterior surface of body

14. Terms of Relation or Position Cephalad- toward the head (higher in position) Caudad- toward the tail (feet- lower in position) 

15. Regional Terms Regional Terms-refer to special areas of the body Cervical- refer to the neck Palmar- the anterior surface of the hand; the posterior surface of the hand is the dorsal surface

16. Regional Terms Thoracic- the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen that is commonly referred to as the chest or thorax Dorsum- the top of the foot Plantar- the sole of the foot

17. Regional Terms • Axilla (armpit)- the depression on the inferior surface of the attachment of the upper limb and the body trunk • Arm- the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow • Forearm- the potion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist

18. Regional Terms • Groin(inguinal region)- the junction of the thigh with the abdominal wall • Thigh- the portion of the lower limb between the hip and knee • Leg- the portion of the lower limb between the knee and ankle

19. Low Back • Lumbar- the portion of the back between the thorax and the pelvis • Sacral- the lower portion of the back, just superior to the buttocks

20. MUSCLE CONTRACTION

21. Postures and Direction of Movement • Flexion • Flexion is to bend at a joint, or to reduce the angle Flexion increasing angle with frontal plane. • Extension • Extension is to straighten at a joint, or to increase the angle, for example, from 90 degrees to 180 degrees. Extension decreasing angle with frontal plane 

22. Postures and Direction of Movement • Abduction • Abduction is movement away from the midline, or to abduct. Abduction moving away from the sagittal plane • Adduction • Adduction is movement toward the midline, or to add.Adduction toward the sagittal plane

23. Terms of Movement • Protractionmoving forward along a surface  • Retractionbackward along a surface

24. Terms of Movement • Elevationraising a structure  (Shoulder Shrugs) • Depressionlowering a structure 

25. Terms of Movement • Medial Rotation movement around an axis of a bone • Lateral Rotation movement around an axis of a bone 

26. Postures and Direction of Movement • Supination • Supination is to rotate the forearm so that the palm faces forward. Supination placing palm forward (in anatomical position) • Pronation • Pronation is to rotate the forearm so that the palm faces backward. Pronation placing palm backward (in anatomical position)

27. Postures and Direction of Movement • Medial/ Lateral Rotation is at the Tibia (knee Joint)- not Inversion/ Eversion which occurs at the Ankle Joint

28. Terms of Movement • Circumduction-combined movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction medial and lateral rotation (circumscribe a cone)  • Opposition- bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up

29. Abdomen Before getting into the nitty gritty of the abdomen, keep in mind that you want to be able to use your knowledge to project the anatomy onto the surface of the abdomen. You will want to be able to visualize the relative positions of abdominal organs as they lie within the abdomen. Clinicians might use several different ways of subdividing the surface of the anterior abdominal wall but I will only present two of them here. By subdividing the surface into regions, one person can tell another person exactly where to look for possible problems.

30. Abdominopelvicarea is divided intofour quadrants : • Right Upper • Right Lower • Left Upper • Left Lower

31. upper left quadrant ULQ • lower left quadrant LLQ • upper right quadrant URQ • lower right quadrant LRQ • These quadrants are developed by dropping a vertical line down the middle of the sternum MSP • and a horizontal line across and through the umbilicus TUP

32. The abdominal cavity can also be divided into nine regions to make it easier to identify organs • Right hypochondriac • Epigastric • Left hypochondriac • Right lumbar • Umbilical • Left lumbar • Right iliac (inguinal) • Hypogastric • Left iliac (inguinal)

33. 9 abdominal regions: • right hypochondriac RH • epigastric E • left hypochondriac LH • right lumbar RL • umbilical U • left lumbar LL • right iliac RI • hypogastric H • left iliac LI • These regions are formed by two vertical planes and two horizontal planes. • The two vertical planes are the lateral lines LLL and RLL. These lines are dropped from a point half way between the jugular notch and the acromion process. • The two horizontal planes are the transpyloric plane TPP and the transtubercular plane TTP. The tubercles are the tubercles of the iliac crests.

34. Body Cavities Body cavities- lined with membranes and contains fluid that surrounds structures within the cavities. Dorsal (posterior) Cavity- contains the cranialcavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord) Ventral (anterior) Cavity-thoracic cavity – consists of the pericardial (heart) and pleural(left & right lungs) cavities Abdominopelvic cavity- consists of the abdominal (stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small & large intestines) and pelvic cavity, “true pelvis", bladder, rectum, female internal reproductive organs).

35. QUESTIONS / COMMENTS?

36. What will you have to know…

37. EVERYTHING!

38. Skeletal System • You should be able to locate and identify the following bones in the human body. • Skull - Ribs - Talus • Nasal bone - Xyphoid process - Phalanges • Zygomatic arch - Sternum - Lumbar vertebrate • Mandible - Humerus • Maxilla - Ulna • Cervical vertebrate - Radius • Clavicle - Carpals • Scapula - Metacarpals • Thoracic vertebrate - Phalanges • Ilium - Ischium • Pubis - Sacrum • Coccyx - Femur • Patella - Tibia • Fibula - Calcaneus • Metatarsals - Tarsals

39. Muscular System • You should be able to locate and identify the following muscles or muscle groups: Trapezius Anterior Tibialis Biceps Brachii Triceps Brachii Deltoid Sternocleidomastoid Gluteus Maximus Semitendonosis Vastus Medialis Vastus Lateralis Semimembranosis Biceps Femoris Vastus Intermedius Gastrocnemius Soleus Rectus Abdominus External Obliques Serratus Anterior Latissimus Dorsi Achilles Tendon Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis Rectus Femoris

40. Major Ligaments • You should be able to locate and identify the following ligaments: • Acromioclavicular Lig. - Iliofemoral Lig. • Sternoclavicular Lig. - Medial Collateral Lig. • Ulnar Collateral Lig. - Lateral Collateral Lig. • Radial Collateral Lig. - Anterior Talofibular Lig. • Glenohumeral Lig. - Deltoid Lig. • Annular Lig. - Posterior Talofibular Lig. • Coracoclavicular Lig. - Posterior Cruciate Lig. • Anterior Cruciate Lig.