HONORS BIOLOGY CHAPTER 5 REVIEW

1. HONORS BIOLOGYCHAPTER 5 REVIEW

2. #1 • Why is fluid mosaic a good description of the plasma membrane? • Structures shift in place • Watery hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic (fatty tails)

3. #1 Why is the cell membrane called a phospholipid bilayer? Two layers of phospho heads and fatty acid tails

4. Six functions of proteins in a plasma membrane: p.74 Attach to ECM Signal transduction Transport Intercellular junction Cell-cell recognition Enzymatic activity #2

5. #3 • Can easily enter • Hydrophobic molecules (oil soluble): • O2, N2 • Nonpolar: benzene • Very small uncharged or small polar molecules: H2O, Urea, glycerol, CO2 • Can NOT easily enter • Large uncharged Glucose,Sucrose • Polar molecules sucrose (see OH groups) • Hydrophilic • Ions (charged) H+ , Na+ , HCO3 , K+, Ca2+, Cl-, Mg2+

6. 3 types of passive transport Diffusion-just passing of hi to low Osmosis-passing of water thru a selectively permeable memb. Facilitated – Hi to low through a protein channel #4

7. #5 • What does it mean to go “down the gradient?” • Move from hi to low concentration • What does it mean to go “against the gradient? • Move from low to high (with energy)

8. #6 • What direction does the water flow if a cell of 4% solutes is placed in: 10% 4% 0%

9. #6 • What direction does the water flow if a cell of 4% solutes is placed in: • REMEMBER: HYPO TO HYPER 10% 4% 0% 4%

10. #7 • What is tonicity? • Measure of osmotic pressure gradient determined by the solute concentration that cannot cross the selectively permeable membrane

11. #7 • Note water flows from high water concentration to low (hypo to hyper)

12. #8 Animal Cells

13. #8 Plants

14. #9 How does the contractile vacuole control water in a paramecium? Contractile vacuole youtube Water squeezed out of vacuole

15. #10 • What is an aquaporin? • Integral membrane proteins moving water • 3 billion more times than just moving through a regular plasma membrane

16. #11 • Exocytosis and endocytosis are both active transport. Protein channels span the membrane. Endocytosis and exocytosis engulf the particle with the membrane.

17. #12 • Large liquid receptors Particle drops specific

18. #13 • Ability to cause change or do work • L. energy • Thermal energy • O. heat

19. 13 • Energy as a result of location or structure • I. potential • Type of energy released or need in molecules • N. chemical

20. #13 • Study of energy transformations • M thermodynamics • Reaction that releases energy • E. exergonic

21. #13 • Makes products rich in potential energy • G. Endergonic • Energy of motion • J. kinetic

22. #13 • Measure of disorder • B. Entropy • Energy in the universe is constant • C.1st Law of Thermodynamics

23. #13 • Energy from exergonic to run endergonic • K. Energy coupling • Total of an organism’s chemical reactions • F. metabolism

24. #13 • Series of chemical reactions. • A. Metabolic pathway

25. #13 • Energy conversions increase the entropy • D. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics • Cells use oxygen to release energy from molecules • H. Cellular respiration

26. #14 • What does ATP stand for? • Adenosine triphosphate

27. What part of the ATP molecule is lost or gained? Phosphate Is ATP recyclable? YES #15

28. #16 • Is ATP made by phosphorylation? • YES ADP + P = ATP ADP is made by hydrolysis. ATP = ADP + P

29. #17 • Is ATP made from exergonic reactions or endergonic? • Endergonic

30. #18 • What is activation energy? • Amount of energy needed to get a reaction going. • Why is this energy needed? • Reactants are stable and bonds need to be broken or distorted.

31. #18 • How do enzymes affect the amount of activation energy needed? • Reduces the activation energy needed • Why? • Enzyme brings the reactants together.

32. #19 • Why are enzymes called “Biological catalysts? • They are proteins (biological) and speed up reactions without changing themselves.

33. #20 • SKETCH HOW AN ENZYME WORKS:

34. #21 • What is the purpose of the “induced fit” of an enzyme-substrate complex? • The enzyme slightly changes the shape of the active site to contort/break substrate bonds.

35. #22 • Why might too high temperatures make an enzyme not function properly? • Denature (unravel) the enzyme and change the shape of the active site.

36. #23 • What is the optimal temperature for most human enzymes? • 35-40o C • What is the optimal pH for most enzymes? • 6-8

37. #24 • What is the difference between cofactors and coenzymes? • Cofactors are inorganic and coenzymes are organic.

38. #25 • Sketch an enzyme with a competitive inhibitor.

39. #26 • Sketch an enzyme and its substrate with a noncompetitive inhibitor.

41. #28 • What is it called if a cell produces more product than it needs and the product act as an inhibitor? • Feedback inhibition (negative feedback)

42. #29 MATCH • Inhibits prostanglandins (sensation of pain) • Blocks bact. Cell walls • Blood pressure meds • Target HIV Ibuprofen Penicillin Beta blockers Protease inhibitors

43. #30

44. #31 • LABEL THE PLASMA MEMBRANE: • Phospho head A1 • Cholesterol E • Lipid tail A2 • Protein pump G • Carbohydrate chain D • Glycolipid F

45. #31 • Peripheral protein • Glycoprotein • Phospholipid • Receptor protein • Passive transport protein • H • I • A • B • C

46. 32. • If given the concentrations in and out of dialysis tubing of sucrose solutions predict movement of distilled water. • 1M • 0.8 M • 0.6 M • 0.4 M • 0.2 M • 0.0 M

47. 32.movement of water • If given the concentrations in and out of dialysis tubing of sucrose solutions predict movement of distilled water. • 1M in tube • 0.8 M in tube • 0.6 M in tube • 0.4 M in tube • 0.2 M in tube • 0.0 M in/out

48. What is the molarity of the potato core? (where line crosses zero line) 0.3M