A New Nation and State Grows

1. A New Nation and State Grows America and North Carolina 1790’s-1850

2. The Nation

3. GEORGE WASHINGTON BECOMES FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES – 1789-1796 Whiskey Rebellion – 1791-1794 First political parties 1. Federalists – believed in strong national government controlled by the wealthy elite 2. Democratic-Republicans – believed in a limited national government run by all men. 1789

4. 1789 • FRENCH REVOLUTION BEGINS • NOBILITY IS DRIVEN FROM POWER AND MANY ARE EXECUTED • Neutrality Proclamation – America will not get involved in European conflicts

5. 1790 • WASHINGTON DC ESTABLISHED AS CAPITAL OF UNITED STATES, REPLACING NEW YORK

6. FIRST BANK OF THE UNITED STATES ESTABLISHED Alexander Hamilton Government could deposit money and make loans to business National Mint – government could print money 1791

7. 1796 • JOHN ADAMS ELECTED 2ND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES • XYZ Affair – 1798 – French wanted bribes to negotiate with America – led to undeclared war • Alien and Sedition Acts – 1798 – allowed the President to deport foreign citizens and made it illegal to criticize government policies.

8. Thomas Jefferson elected 3rd President of the US • LOUISIANA PURCHASE - 1803 • US BUYS MIDDLE THIRD OF NORTH AMERICA FROM FRANCE FOR $15 MILLION • Lewis and Clark Expedition – 1804-1806 –Meriwether Lewis/William Clark, Sacagawea • Pike’s Expedition – 1806 – Zebulon Pike 1800

10. Meriwether Lewis William Clark Sacagawea

11. 1812-14 • WAR OF 1812 BETWEEN US AND ENGLAND • FOUGHT OVER BORDER DISPUTES, TRADE PROBLEMS, AND IMPRESSMENT • President – James Madison • Andrew Jackson – best General for the US • US WINS

12. 1823 • Florida added in 1819 • Missouri Compromise – 1820 – Henry Clay • MONROE DOCTRINE – James Monroe • STATES THAT US WILL NOT PERMIT EUROPEAN NATIONS TO COLONIZE OR INTERFERE WITH THE AMERICAS

13. Missouri Compromise

14. 1828 • ANDREW JACKSON BECOMES SEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES • Nullification Crisis

15. 1820’s-1860’s – Westward Expansion • Manifest Destiny • Oregon Trail • Santa Fe Trail • Immigrants moved west following these trails to settle in California, Oregon and other western areas. • Donner Party

17. 1830 • INDIAN REMOVAL ACT • AUTHORIZED THE REMOVAL OF ALL INDIANS EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI TO RESERVATIONS IN THE WEST

18. Texas Independence 1836 • Texas becomes an independent country, breaking away from Mexico – joins the US in 1845 • Battle of the Alamo

19. 1838-39 • TRAIL OF TEARS • US ARMY MOVES CHEROKEE INDIAN TRIBE TO OKLAHOMA • 25% OF THE TRIBE DIES DURING THE JOURNEY

20. War with Mexico – 1846-1848 • United States defeats Mexico in war • Gains all of the Southwest part of America – California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, parts of Texas

21. California Gold Rush - 1849 • Thousands of people head to California after gold is discovered in 1848 • California has tremendous population growth – leads to Compromise of 1850

22. THE SOUTH AND COTTON • COTTON BECOMES THE MAJOR CASH CROP OF THE SOUTHERN STATES • 1793 – COTTON GIN INVENTED BY ELI WHITNEY • Scientific agriculture • COTTON BELT – SOUTH CAROLINA TO EAST TEXAS • SLAVE TRADE HAD BEEN OUTLAWED IN 1808

23. Cotton Gin

24. Triangle Trade • Going to Europe – Raw materials • Going to Africa – trade goods • Going to America – Slaves • (Middle Passage) • Usually, one-third to one-half of • the slaves would die on the voyage

25. Cotton Belt

26. COTTON CONTINUED • MOST COTTON WAS SHIPPED TO EUROPE, ESPECIALLY ENGLAND • Cotton production discouraged the growth of Southern industry • ABOUT ONE THIRD OF SOUTHERN WHITES WERE SLAVEOWNERS. ONLY 25% OF THAT COUNTED AS PLANTERS(OWNERS OF MORE THAN 20 SLAVES) • Yeomen - small farmers • 1860 – 4 MILLION BLACK SLAVES IN SOUTH • 250,000 free blacks in the South

28. Slavery Begins in America • 1517 – Atlantic Slave Trade begins – Spain imports slaves from Africa to Central and South America (Native Americans were tried first) • Between 1517 and 1808, over 20 million people are taken from West Africa. Half did not survive to reach America • 1619 – First Africans arrive in Jamestown, Virginia – indentured servants • Slaves were viewed as necessary for the South’s agricultural economy.

31. The Middle Passage • Most slaves were kidnapped by African slavers or sold to slave traders by the tribal kings • Most were sent to “Seasoning Camps” first • Triangle Trade – three-part voyage • 1. Europe to Africa – guns, textiles, manufactured goods • 2. Africa to America – Middle Passage – slaves to America - 6 to 8 weeks • 3. America to Europe – sugar, tobacco, cotton etc.

34. The Middle Passage • Slave ships typically carried between 100 to 300 slaves, both men and women • Most slaves were between the ages of 12 and 30 • Conditions on the trip were horrific. Anywhere from 10% to 50% of the slaves would not survive the trip • Slave Auctions – slaves were sold anywhere between $200 and $2500 usually

35. Graph for Loading slaves Aboard ship

38. SLAVERY • SLAVES DID MANY DIFFERENT JOBS, BUT WERE MOST COMMONLY USED FOR AGRICULTURE • HOUSE SLAVES • FIELD SLAVES • GANG LABOR • OVERSEERS • DRIVERS – SLAVE FOREMAN

39. SLAVERY CONTINUED • SLAVES WERE PROPERTY, NOT PEOPLE • SLAVES COULD NOT LEGALLY TRAVEL OR BE TAUGHT TO READ OR WRITE • SLAVE FAMILIES WERE FREQUENTLY SPLIT UP • PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT WAS COMMON

40. SLAVERY CONTINUED • RELIGION WAS USED TO SUPPORT SLAVERY • SLAVES TRIED TO KEEP THEIR CULTURE THROUGH FOLKTALES AND SPIRITUALS • 1831 – NAT TURNER’S REBELLION • Slave rebellions were the biggest fear for white southerners

41. Underground Railroad • 1830’s – escape system set up by free Blacks, escaped slaves, white abolitionists, and religious groups (Quakers) • Harriet Tubman, Harriet Jacobs • 1810-1850 – 40,000 slaves escaped using the Underground Railroad

42. Frederick Douglass • Escaped slave • Taught himself to read and write • Became leading abolitionist and speaker

44. Abolition – complete end to slavery Emancipation – to free from slavery Abolition groups – religious groups, Quakers, Transcendentalists Not all abolitionists agreed on what to do 1817 – American Colonization Society – group to send freed slaves to Liberia Robert Finley Theodore Dwight Weld David Walker William Lloyd Garrison – published the Liberator, founded the American Anti-slavery Society in 1833. Abolition

45. Abolition Leaders William Lloyd Garrison David Walker Angelina and Sarah Grimke Theodore Dwight Weld

46. Most Northern whites were opposed to Abolition Many worried that freed slaves would take their jobs The U.S. government ignored the issue as much as possible Southern whites believed that slavery was vital for their economy Did not want outsiders interfering Believed that blacks were better off Drove most southern abolitionists out Opposition to Abolition

47. NORTH VS. SOUTH INDUSTRIES AND SOCIETY

48. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • TIME PERIOD BEGINNING IN MID 1700’S WHEN PEOPLE BEGAN TO FOCUS ON USE OF MACHINES TO HELP SPEED UP MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION • BEGAN IN ENGLAND – TEXTILE INDUSTRY • TECHNOLOGY – TOOLS AND MACHINERY USED TO PRODUCE GOODS

49. MASS PRODUCTION MAKING OF LARGE NUMBERS OF IDENTICAL GOODS INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS SYSTEM IN WHICH EACH PARTICULAR PART OF A PRODUCT WOULD BE MADE EXACTLY THE SAME WAY NEW METHODS

50. FACTORY WORKERS • MANY WOMEN – Lowell System • SMALL CHILDREN – Rhode Island System • MANY EMPLOYEES WORKED LONG SHIFTS DOING DANGEROUS JOBS FOR LOW PAY AND BENEFITS • LABOR UNIONS – WORKERS ORGANIZATIONS TO GET BETTER PAY AND CONDITIONS – strikes and law suits