A New Nation

1. A New Nation Mr. Ochoa Unit 3 Chapters

2. Unit 3: Washington’s America Electoral College • Feb. 4, 1789 – unanimously elected and re-elected in 1792 Farmers + Cities • U.S. Bank gave loans for farming and agriculture for economic growth • North = more factories • South = more farms

3. Unit 3: Washington’s America Precedents • An act or decision that sets an example for others to follow • 1796, did not run for a third term – no one sought 3rd term until 1940 • Picked well-known leaders to serve in his cabinet • Sec. of State – Thomas Jefferson • Sec. of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton

4. Unit 3: Washington Challenges & Solutions Debt • Total amount of money that a govt. owes to others • U.S. borrowed massive amounts of money during the revolution from countries + individuals • 1789 – 1791 = debt = 81, 497,000 • Bond – certificate that promises to repay the money loaned plus interest, on a certain date

5. Unit 3: Washington Challenges + Solutions A Cabinet • Alexander Hamilton was head of Treasury • A.H. wanted to pay federal + state debt by purchasing all bonds and issue new ones to pay off old ones • Madison opposed, said it would reward speculators (someone who invests in a risky venture in the hopes of making a large profit) • Compromise – Southerners got to place capital in the South (D.C.) and Congress voted to repay state debts

6. Unit 3: Washington Challenges & Solutions The National Bank & Courts • 1791 Hamilton urged congress to make a national bank • Govt. deposited money from taxes in the bank • Issued paper money to pay the govt.’s bills + to make loans to farmers + businesses to encourage economic growth

7. Unit 3: Washington Challenges & Solutions Whiskey Rebellion • Treasury taxed on all liquor made + sold in U.S. • Farmers refused to pay tax (compared it to Britain taxing the colonies) • 1794 officials in W. Pennsylvania tried to collect tax – farmers did not oblige • Farmers sang songs, tarred + feathered tax collectors • Washington sent militia and farmers fled

8. Unit 3: Adams’ Challenges, Solutions Bullied by England and France (XYZ) • U.S. tried to remain neutral in French Revolution • U.S. wanted to trade with both countries • British captured approx. 250 American ships • John Jay negotiated an agreement that called for Britain to pay damages to ships and U.S. would pay debts owed

9. Unit 3: Adams’ Challenges, Solutions Bullied by England and France (XYZ) Cont. • France hated the treaty – thought is favored Britain • French began seizing American ships • French sent 3 agents to offer a deal • Foreign Minister Charles Maurice de Talleyard wanted $250,000 for himself + 10 million loan for France before peace talks began

10. Unit 3: Adams’ Challenges, Solutions Bullied by England and France (XYZ) Cont. • Diplomats informed Adams – called the agents X, Y, Z (XYZ Affair) • Adams wanted to ignore war but he could not ignore – strengthened Navy by building frigates (fast sailing ships w/ many guns)

11. Unit 3: Adams’ Challenges, Solutions Adam’s Bullies Back? Alien and Sedition Acts Jefferson Pushes Back – States’ Rights! (Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions) Jefferson encouraged states to nullify, or cancel, a law passed by federal govt. K.V.R. – claimed that each state “has an equal right to judge for itself” whether a law is constitutional Alien + Sedition acts were changed or dropped • Alien Act – President could expel any alien, or foreigner, thought to be dangerous to the country • Sedition = stirring up rebellion against a govt. • Sedition Act – can be fined or jailed if they criticized the govt. or its officials • Republicans protested – thought it violated 1st amendment

12. Unit 3: Jefferson Challenges, Solutions Debt…Still! • Still in major debt – Jefferson wanted to lessen govt. power by reducing the federal budget • Laissez Faire (leave alone) • Free Market – where goods + services are exchanged w/ little regulation

13. Unit 3: Jefferson Challenges, Solutions Marbury vs. Madison • Marbury was judge appointed by Adams – made appointment on last day in office • Republicans refused (unfair) – Jefferson ordered Madison (Sec. of State) not to deliver papers • Marbury sued Madison • Supreme Court ruled against Marbury

14. Unit 3: Jefferson Challenges, Solutions Marbury vs. Madison (Cont.) • Marshall stated the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional • Constitution did not give the S.C. the right to decide cases brought against federal officials • Precedent – S.C. power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional and to reject laws it considered to be unconstitutional (judicial review)

15. Unit 3: Jefferson Challenges, Solutions Louisiana Purchase • America relied on city of New Orleans to help ship goods • France gained control of Louisiana – Jefferson worried Napoleon might invade N.A. • Jefferson wanted to buy N.O. • Wanted to use ports • Sent Robert Livingston + James Monroe to buy N.O. and W. Florida, could spend up to 10 million

16. Unit 3: Jefferson Challenges, Solutions Louisiana Purchase Cont. • Haiti helped derail plan for empire in N.A. • France needed money to pay for wars in Europe • Talleyrand offered all of Louisiana for $ 15 million • L.P. lead to interest in the West, started new relationship with France, and gave access to the sea

17. Unit 3: Jefferson Challenges, Solutions Lewis + Clark Expedition • Meriwether Lewis + William Clark picked 50 men (Corps of Discovery) • 1804 started up the Missouri River from St. Louis (herds of buffalo, deer, elk, + antelope) • Encountered N.A. and gave them gifts • In the winter they stayed with Mandans (N.D.) • Sacagawea + her husband agreed to explore as translators • Met Shoshones (one was Sacagawea’s brother), gave them food + horses • Goals – study the geography, learn about Native nations, and bring back useful information

18. Unit 3: Jefferson Challenges, Solutions War Drums (seas, trade, Tecumseh, Hawks) • Seas – used to trade, 1784 Empress of China 1st American ship to trade with China • Pirates from Barbary States (along coast of North Africa) – attacked ships, U.S. paid tribute or bribes to B.S. • Trade - 1803 Britain and France went to war again

19. Unit 3: Jefferson Challenges, Solutions War Drums (seas, trade, Tecumseh, Hawks) Cont. • Britain stopped vessels again • Jefferson wanted an embargo (ban on trade) • Embargo Act – ban on foreign trade • hurt France + Britain + U.S. • Imports included sugar, tea, molasses cut off exports dropped by 80 million in 1yr. • Tecumseh – N.A. land was being taken

20. Unit 3: Jefferson Challenges, Solutions • Tecumseh vowed to keep plan, believed that American (white) customs corrupted the N.A. way of life • Organized N.A. nations into a confederation (league) • Harrison marched 1,000 soldiers against Prophetstown on Tippecanoe Creek • N.A. were defeated • Britain had relations with N.A. sold guns + ammo

21. Unit 3: Jefferson Challenges, Solutions • War Hawks – members of Congress from South + West who wanted war • Madison did not want war • Henry Clay most famous War Hawk

22. Unit 3: Madison and the War of 1812 Early Days of the War • Unprepared for war – Jefferson reduced spending on defense • Navy only had 16 ships, officers knew little about warfare • Govt. voted to give soldiers cash + land poorly trained • Fighting at sea – British Navy blockaded American ports to stop American trade

23. Unit 3: Madison and the War of 1812 War in the West • Invasion of Canada – William Hull moved American troops into Canada from Detroit • British had few soldiers but gave them redcoats to make them appear more trained, scare tactics worked, Hull retreated • Battle of Lake Erie (1813) – Americans wanted control of the lake – Oliver Perry built ships

24. Unit 3: Madison and the War of 1812 • Perry’s ship was beaten – rowed to another ship + continued fighting – America won the battle • Native American Losses – British + Tecumseh retreated from Detroit to Canada • Henry Harrison pursued them + won the battle of the Thames • Tecumseh died – Indian Confederation fell apart

25. Unit 3: Madison and the War of 1812 Final Battles • British Burn Washington (1814) – British troops were 30 miles from D.C. • American troops met them at Bladensburg, Maryland, Americans offered little resistance • British set fire to the White House

26. Unit 3: Madison and the War of 1812 • Battle of New Orleans – Andrew Jackson was waiting for British • Army contained Choctaw Native Americans – built trenches • Jan. 8, 1815 – British attacked 2,000 British were killed – only 7 Americans • African Americans in War – volunteers helped defend Philadelphia • NY organized two regiments of black volunteers to serve in the army • Fought in Navy, Battle of Lake Erie

27. Unit 3: Madison and the War of 1812 Peace • Treaty of Ghent (1814) – Belgium • Agreed to restore pre-war conditions • Nothing about impressments or neutrality

28. Unit 3: Monroe Challenges, Solutions Era of Good Feelings Monroe Doctrine Prussia, France, Russia, + Austria wanted to crush any revolution in Latin America Monroe declared that the U.S. would not interfere in the affairs of European nations or existing colonies of the European nations U.S. would oppose any attempt to build new colonies in the Americas Keep European powers out of the W. Hemisphere • 1816 – James Monroe became President • Hoped to create a new sense of national unity • Newspaper wrote it was entering a new era

29. Unit 3: Monroe Challenges, Solutions Slavery – Missouri Compromise • 1819 – 11 free states + 11 slave states • Congress considered Missouri’s application to join Union as slave state (would give south majority in Senate) • Northerners opposed, debate ensued – Maine wanted to join and be free • Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise • Keep equal slave and non slave states

30. Unit 3: J.Q. Adams Challenges, Solutions A Messy Election (1824) • 4 Major Republican Candidates – John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, + William Crawford • Jackson won popular vote, but no one won a majority, or than half, of the electoral votes • Results – H of R had to pick President, Clay automatically out because he was fourth place • Clay was speaker of the house, urged members to vote for Adams • Adams in return named Clay Sec. of State – Jackson furious “corrupt bargain” – Constitution was followed

31. Unit 3: Jackson Challenges and Solutions Indian Fighter and General The Democratic Party & Populism Jackson fired many employees + put in his supporters Critics did not agree Jackson believed he was allowing more citizens taking part in govt. “To the victor belong the spoils” • National attention for victory at Battle of New Orleans • Defeated Creek Indians • Gained land in Georgia and Alabama • Jackson was relentless

32. Unit 3: Jackson Challenges and Solutions Fight over the National Bank (Fed) • Jackson thought bank was too powerful • Controlled loans by state banks • Decided when to cut back on loans, angered farmers + merchants • Run by private bankers, Jackson thought they got rich with public funds • Jackson disliked Nick Biddle • Biddle worried Jackson will destroy the bank

33. Unit 3: Jackson Challenges and Solutions • Senators Clay + Webster devised a plan • Bank charters was up for renewal in 1836 • Clay + Webster advised Biddle to apply early • Believed Americans supported bank and might not vote for Jackson • Renewal passed – Jackson vetoed • Jackson believed bank was unconstitutional, the bank helped aristocrats at the expense of the common people • Jackson won election = the bank closed

34. Unit 3: Jackson Challenges and Solutions The Indian Removal Act • 1830 forced many Native Americans to move W. of the Mississippi • 15,000 Cherokees Westward – many died – Trail of Tears

35. Unit 3: Van Buren Challenges and Solutions The Panic of 1837 “Thanks, Andy!” • Causes – 1830s govt. sold millions of acres of public land in the West • Speculators bought land hoping to make a profit • They used bank loans – the U.S. Bank closed • State banks could lend money without limit • To meet demand, print more money • Depression – 90% of factories closed