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Understanding Ecosystems: Relationships, Niche, and Population Dynamics

This overview explores the intricate relationships within ecosystems, emphasizing biotic and abiotic factors. It details the niche concept, highlighting the specific roles of various warblers in a spruce tree community. The principles of competition, predation, and symbiosis, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism, are examined. The document also covers ecological succession, characteristics of populations, and growth rates, differentiating between exponential and logistic growth. Key factors influencing populations are discussed, including density-related and independent limiting factors.

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Understanding Ecosystems: Relationships, Niche, and Population Dynamics

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  1. Ecosystems Relationships and Populations

  2. Biotic and Abiotic Factors (Living and Non-Living) Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM

  3. Niche • Part of the environment that an organism uses • ROLE + HABITAT

  4. Warbler Niche Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Spruce tree

  5. Community interactions

  6. Competition individuals or species trying to use the same limited resource

  7. Competition • competitive exclusion principle – 2 species cannot occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

  8. Predator/Prey - +/- -the predator catches the prey - One organism captures and kills another http://www.wallpaperbase.com/wallpapers/animals/tigers/tiger_6.jpg http://inspectorgadget.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/tiger.jpg

  9. Symbiosis Two species living closely together http://sugarmtnfarm.com/blog/uploaded_images/ClownInBubbleAnemone200511-780236.jpg

  10. Symbiosis • Mutualism - +/+ • both species benefit

  11. Symbiosis b. commensalism - +/0 – one benefits, the other is not helped nor harmed Example – a bird’s nest in a tree OR barnacles on whales

  12. Symbiosis • c. Parasitism - +/- • one species benefits (parasite), one is harmed (host)

  13. Ecological Succession – natural progression of an environment 1. primary succession – starting where there is no soil http://www.v-liz.com/galapagos/isabela/puntam~1/lavacac-.jpg

  14. 2. secondary succession – where there was a community, but it has been removed

  15. Climax Community – last stage of succession, ecosystem has reached equilibrium

  16. Important characteristics of populations • geographic distribution – • the area inhabited by a population • density – • number of individuals per unit area • growth rate – • depends on birth rate and death rate

  17. density – • number of individuals per unit area high density low density

  18. Exponential growth • ideal conditions • unlimited resources

  19. Growth rate of bacteria • some bacteria can divide every 20 minutes • first 20 minutes – there will be two bacteria • in one hour - there will be 64 bacteria • in one day – there would be: • 4,720, 000,000,000,000,000,000 • or 4.72 x 1021

  20. Logistic growth • as resources become limited • growth rate slows or stops • carrying capacity is reached • Carrying Capacity – maximum population size an area can support

  21. Logistic Growth – S shaped curve, levels off at the Carrying Capacity Carrying capacity Number of Yeast Cells Time (hours)

  22. Limiting factors • nutrient • space • carbon dioxide level • density-dependent – competition, predation, disease, parasitism • density-independent – weather, human activities, seasonal cycles

  23. Populations are dependent on Predator/Prey Relationships

  24. Age-structure diagram • shows number or percentage at each age

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