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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Photosynthesis -converts sunlight into chemical energy -very complex -general reaction: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2. Light from the sun is composed of wavelengths (colors The shorter the wavelength the higher the frequency, thus the higher the energy

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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  1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

  2. Photosynthesis -converts sunlight into chemical energy -very complex -general reaction: 6CO2 + 6H20 → C6H12O6 + 6O2

  3. Light from the sun is composed of wavelengths (colors • The shorter the wavelength the higher the frequency, thus the higher the energy • The longer the wavelength the lower the energy, thus the lower the energy

  4. Sunlight (a.k.a. white light) -sunlight is actually white light made of all wavelength colors -sunlight is visible light -different colors=different wavelengths of light The Visible Spectrum violet-blue-green-yellow-orange-red 750 nm 380 nm

  5. The Electromagnetic Spectrum -This is what scientists call radiation waves -Radiation=energy that travels and spreads as it goes Examples: X-rays, gamma rays, visible light, microwaves, etc. -The electromagnetic spectrum is organized according to wavelengths

  6. -Wavelengths are measured in nanometers (nm) -Gamma rays have the shortest wavelengths = 10-5 nm (highest frequency and energy) -Radio waves have the longest wavelengths =103 nm (lowest frequency and energy)

  7. PHOTONS -Photon=quantum=discreet amounts of light energy -Photons are not objects, but each one has a distinct amount of energy Ex: violet photons contain almost twice as much energy as red photons *violet wavelengths=380 nm=high frequency=high energy *red wavelenghts=750 nm=low frequency=low energy

  8. Chlorophyll (the photosynthetic pigment) -Chlorophyll is a green photosynthetic pigment found in chloroplasts of plants -There are two main types of chlorophyll (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) -Green is the least effective color for photosynthesis because it is reflected -What you see is reflected. -Everything else is absorbed **Thus, red and blue are most effective for photosynthesis.

  9. Absorption Spectrums Absorption spectrums are graphs that plot a pigment’s light absorption vs. wavelength Absorption spectrum of chlorophyll **Remember: Green wavelengths are between ~475 and 600 nm

  10. Light energy and water • In photosynthesis, light energy is used to split water molecules • This process is called photolysis = when a chemical is broken down by photons • Water is split into hydrogen ions, oxygen and electrons by photons • ATP is also produced • ATP and H ions will be used to fix CO2 to make organic molecules • Photosynthesis relies on water and sunlight for its initial reaction

  11. General photosynthesis information • There are light dependent and light independent reactions • Light dependent reactions require light • Light independent reactions do not require light or darkness. -they are independent of light or dark -DO NOT REFER TO LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS AS DARK REACTIONS (darkness is not required)

  12. ASSIGNMENT • READ: Go to your notes or the book and read the overview of photosynthesis. • Next draw the pictures on the overhead. Make them large and leave room to add notes

  13. Light Dependent Reactions • Light absorption • As chlorophyll absorbs light its electrons are raised to a higher energy level by photons at certain wavelengths • The electrons at higher energy levels are said to be excited electrons • The excited electrons cause the chlorophyll to become photoactivated • Photoactivation is the activation of a particular pigment’s electrons (It is caused by absorbing energy from photons.)

  14. 5. After photoactivation the electrons quickly return to their ground state 6. When electrons return to their ground state they give off a photon (discreet amount of energy) 7. The photon (energy) is released in the form of heat 8. This process explains the conversion of light energy into heat energy –( this loss of energy is known as _________and supports the ______law of thermodynamics)

  15. B. Chlorophyll organization and light absorption 1. Chlorophyll is found in the thylakoids which are found in chloroplasts 2. Within the thylakoids chlorophyll is arranged into groups called photosystems 3. There are two photosystems: -Photosystem I – best at 700nm (aka P700) -Photosystem II – best at 680 nm (aka P680)

  16. Excited electrons that have absorbed photons of light pass from molecule to molecule until they reach the chlorophyll at the center of the photosystem

  17. **Both photosystems are identical chlorophyll a molecules, except that they interact with different proteins of the thylakoids 6. Excited electrons that have absorbed photons of light pass from molecule to molecule until they reach the chlorophyll at the center of the photosystem 7. The photosystem (the chlorophyll) will then pass the excited electrons to a chain of electron carriers

  18. The photosystem (the chlorophyll) will then pass the excited electrons to a chain of electron carriers

  19. C. Oxygen production 1. Photosystem II absorbs light 2. Its electrons become excited 3. Photosystem II donates its electrons to an electron transport chain and the flow of electrons will generate an ATP molecule 4. Photosystem II has been oxidized (LEO) 5. To get the electrons back (that were donated) an enzyme in the center of photosystem II breaks a water molecule (photolysis)

  20. 1. Photosystem II absorbs light2. Its electrons become excited3. Photosystem II donates its electrons to an electron transport chain and the flow of electrons will generate an ATP molecule4.Photosystem II has been oxidized (LEO)5. To get the electrons back (that were donated) an enzyme in the center of photosystem II breaks a water molecule (photolysis)6. The water is split into hydrogen ions, oxygen and electrons 7. Electrons are donated to PS II (GER)8. Oxygen and hydrogen ions are byproducts9. Oxygen is released to the atmosphere10. The production of oxygen in photosynthesis is done by photolysis and requires sunlight

  21. 6. The water is split into hydrogen ions, oxygen and electrons 7. Electrons are donated to PS II (GER) 8. Oxygen and hydrogen ions are byproducts 9. Oxygen is released to the atmosphere 10. The production of oxygen in photosynthesis is done by photolysis and requires sunlight

  22. GET A BOOK FOR YOUR TABLE

  23. D. ATP Production 1. an excited electron from the center of PS II is donated and passed along a chain of electron carriers 2. The energy for ATP is generated via a proton gradient that is created as electrons move through an ETC (chemiosmosis)

  24. 3. ATP is eventually formed when the H+ ions move through ATP synthase **their energy is harnessed to bring a phosphate group and ADP together –what is that called ________ 4. The electrons from PS II are eventually donated to PS I (after they go through the ETC) 5. When ATP is produced in this manner it is called non-cyclic photophosphorylation (There is another way to produce ATP but we won’t learn that)

  25. E. NADPH Production 1. NADPH = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase 2. After PS I accepts the electrons that were donated by PS II (the ones that went through the ETC), PS I becomes photoactivated 3. Next PS I donates its excited electrons to Ferrodoxin via another ETC 4. Ferrodoxin is an enzyme that assists in the formation of NADPH

  26. 5. The formation happens when NADP+ accepts two excited electrons from PS I and a H+ ion from the stroma 6. NADPH is then formed ferrodoxin NADP+ + H+ + 2E- NADPH The purpose of NADPH and ATP production is to provide power and chemical energy to drive the Calvin cycle (to make sugar)

  27. **Remember in the chloroplast. . .** • Chemiosmosis involves the pumping of H+ ions through the membrane. • The protons go from the stroma to the thylakoid space. 3. This creates a proton gradient. 4. The protons later flow through ATP synthase (back to the stroma) and their energy is captured in order to join a phosphate with ADP 5. This produces ATP.

  28. Assignment #1. Draw and label a chloroplast. -Include: grana thylakoids thylakoid membrane stroma double membrane

  29. HOMEWORK Complete the picture you started. Add color Complete question 1-6 on pp.227 Complete sentences and complete answers. This assignments really counts!

  30. Light-independent reactions(light not required) • Calvin cycle- 1. takes place in the stroma 2. begins with a 5 carbon sugar called ribulose biphosphate 3. Ribulose biphosphate = RuBP 4. ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reactions drive the Calvin cycle 5. ATP provides the energy 6. NADPH provides reducing power

  31. 7. RuBP is a carbon dioxide acceptor 8. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme ribulose biphosphate carboxylase 9. RuBP carboxylase=rubisco 10. 3RuBP and 3CO2 form: 6 3-Phosphoglycerate 11. ATP is broken down to convert 6 3-Phosphoglycerate to 6 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate 12. NADPH reduces 6 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate to 6 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

  32. 13. Only one of the G3P molecules will be converted to glucose, sucrose, starch, fatty acids or amino acids 14. Five G3P molecules will be converted back to RuBP to keep the Calvin cycle continuing

  33. Calvin cycle (more info.) • Carbon is: -absorbed as carbon dioxide -released as sugar B. ATP=energy for reactions NADPH=reducing agent C. Net sugar production per turn (3 carbon dioxide and 3 RuBP) is 1 G3P.

  34. Phases of the Calvin Cycle • Carbon fixation: 1. Every RuBP is attached to a CO2 converts to a very unstable 6 carbon molecule that is immediately converted to 6 3-carbon molecules Rubisco 3RuBP (a 5 carbon sugar) 3CO2 6 glycerate-3-phosphate **For every RuBP and CO2 pair, two three carbon molecules are formed 3RuBP + 3CO2 → 6 glycerate-3-phosphate

  35. B. Reduction 1. molecules of glycerate-3-phosphate are phosphorylated to glycerate-1,3-biphosphate *when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP 2. glycerate-1,3-biphosphate is reduced when NADPH donates its electrons *NADPH→NADP+ 3. 6 molecules of triose-phosphate are produced *one is removed from the Calvin cycle and used by the plant to produce sugar *the other 5 are recycled back into the Calvin cycle and converted back to 3RuBP

  36. C. Regeneration (of RuBP) 1. 5 triose-phosphate (G3P) molecules go through a complex series of reactions to form 3 RuBP 2. The Calvin cycle starts over 3. CO2 will be received by RuBP again

  37. More on the Calvin Cycle • Start with 15 total carbons in 3 RuBP *Remember RuBP is a 5 C molecule • 3 CO2 is added for a total of 18 carbons • 1 triose-phosphate (G3P) is released (a 3 C molecule is released) • The other 5 triose-phosphate molecules are recycled back into 3RuBP(15 C are recycled)

  38. E. Net gain of carbons=3 (the single triose phosphate that was released) • Energy consumed during the Calvin cycle =9 ATP and 6 NADPH • ATP and NADPH will regenerate in the light-dependent reaction • There must always be light dependent reactions for light independent reactions to occur • The products of the light reactions are used as fuel for the Calvin cycle

  39. 1. Outline photosynthesis (light-dependent and light-independent) 2. Explain how the light-independent reaction depends on the light –dependent reaction

  40. Limiting Factors in Photosynthesis • For photosynthesis to occur the following criteria must be met: -suitable temperature -presence of: chlorophyll light carbon dioxide water

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