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Chapter 1: Section 1-2 Converging Cultures

Chapter 1: Section 1-2 Converging Cultures. Section 1 – Migration to America. Asian Migration Radiocarbon dating Ice Age Beringia Reasons for Migration Hunting Gradual migration, not all at once

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Chapter 1: Section 1-2 Converging Cultures

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  1. Chapter 1: Section 1-2Converging Cultures

  2. Section 1 – Migration to America • Asian Migration • Radiocarbon dating • Ice Age • Beringia • Reasons for Migration • Hunting • Gradual migration, not all at once • Die off of prey forced the nomads to look for other food sources (fish, shellfish, nuts, small game)

  3. Section 1 – Migration to America • Four Theories (p.19) • Land Bridge (Beringia) • Northeast Asia along the shoreline • Could more quickly reach South America • Pacific Crossing Theory • Southeast Asia-Australia-Island Hopping (South America) • Atlantic Crossing Theory • SW Europe-Iceland/Greenland-North America • Other evidence suggests possible African migration

  4. Section 1 – Migration to America • Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica • Southern Mexico and Central America • Agricultural Revolution • 9-10,000 years ago • Pumpkins, peppers, squash, gourds, beans • Maize • Flour (Bread), Long-term storage • Shift to agriculture • Abandon nomadic lifestyle • New technologies • Permanent villages, tools, pottery • Government, specialized skills (civilization)

  5. Section 1 – Migration to America • Olmec • First civilization • 1500-1200 B.C. – Veracruz, Mexico • Large villages, temple complexes, pyramids, large monuments • Lasted until 650 AD • Ideas spread throughout the region • Teotihuacan (Trade network)

  6. Section 1 – Migration to America • Mayan • Yucatan peninsula (200 A.D.) • Engineering and mathematics • Calendars, Pyramids • Independent city-states (often fought each other) • Disappeared around 900 A.D. • Farmers exhausted soil-No food-Riots-Cities collapse • Invaders from north • Guatemalan Mayans lasted until 1500.

  7. Section 1 – Migration to America • Toltec • Master architects • Gold and copper jewelry • Fell to Mexica • Aztec • Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) • Conquerors • Controlled trade / shakedowns • Human sacrifices

  8. Section 1 – Migration to America • North American Cultures • Hohokam • 300 A.D. • South Central Arizona • Irrigation canals • Corn, cotton, beans, squash • Abandoned irrigation system in 1300 • Competition for farmland – Wars / Emigration • Died out by 1500

  9. Section 1 – Migration to America • Anasazi • 700-900 A.D. (Four Corners) • Irrigation using basins and ditches • Pueblos • Built where streams converged • Kivas • Abandoned due to droughts • Civilization died out due to epidemics / attacks

  10. Section 1 – Migration to America • Adena and Hopewell • Eastern woodlands of North America • Woodworking tools (Canoes) • Mounds • Adena (Ohio Valley to New England) • Hopewell • Planted crops, more permanent settlement • Geometric earthworks • Decline after 400 A.D.

  11. Section 1 – Migration to America • Mississippian • 700-900 A.D. • Fertile Mississippi River valley • Maize and beans • Cahokia • Flat-topped pyramids and mounds • Expanded into Alabama

  12. Section 2 – Native American Cultures • Southwest • Zuni, Hopi (Pueblo) • Corn was key to survival • Family • Man joined wife’s family • Men – Farmers, herders, performed ceremonies, made clothes • Women – Housework, made pottery, hauled water • Worked together in construction and farming • Kachina • Boys joined at six • Brought messages from gods • Apache and Navajo arrive around 1500, adapted to culture.

  13. Section 2 – Native American Cultures • Pacific Coast • Tlingit, Haida, Kwakiutls, Nootkas, Chinook, Salish • Not farmers, but permanent settlers • Used lumber (Homes, canoes, art, masks, totem poles) • Fisherman • Inland (Rocky Mountains) • Nez Perce, Yakima • Fisherman, hunters, gatherers • Ute and Shoshone • Nomads (Too arid to farm) • Central California • Abundant wildlife and mild climate

  14. Section 2 – Native American Cultures • Great Plains • Pawnee, Kansas, Iowa, Sioux • Influenced by Hopewell and Missisippian cultures • Farmers until 1500, became Nomads (War / Drought) • Followed the buffalo, lived in teepees • Tamed horses for hunting and warfare • Social status determined by bravery in battle

  15. Section 2 – Native American Cultures • Far North • Inuit, Aleut • Hunters (Seals, Walruses, Whales, etc.) • Learned to create devices to adapt to climate • Lived in groups • Single family to several hundred spaced miles apart

  16. Section 2 – Native American Cultures • Eastern Woodlands • Algonquian • New England • Wampanoag, Narragansett, Pequot, Powhatan (Virginia), Delaware, Shawnee (Ohio Valley) • First to encounter English settlers • Iroquoian • New York, Canada • Huron, Neutral, Erie, Wenro, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk • Slash and Burn agriculture • Longhouses • Wigwams • Wampum

  17. Section 2 – Native American Cultures • Government • Kinship Groups • Women in positions of power • Planting and harvesting of crops • Iroquois League • Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk tribes • Founders – Dekanawidah and Hiawatha • 50 Chiefs on council, selected by women in kinship groups. Appointed for life, but women could have them removed

  18. Section 2 – Native American Cultures • Southeast • Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Natchez • Lived in towns arranged around a central plaza • War Towns – Trained soldiers • Peace Towns – Political leaders lived • Women – Farmers • Men – Hunters

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