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Quick and Attained Rapport in the Investigative Interview

Quick and Attained Rapport in the Investigative Interview. Presented by: Tripp Driskell. Objective. How is rapport conceptualized? - Communication, relationships, interviewing, etc. How is it defined? - What does it boil down to? What implications can be drawn from the extant literature?

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Quick and Attained Rapport in the Investigative Interview

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  1. Quick and Attained Rapport in theInvestigative Interview Presented by: Tripp Driskell

  2. Objective • How is rapport conceptualized? - Communication, relationships, interviewing, etc. • How is it defined? - What does it boil down to? • What implications can be drawn from the extant literature? • Instrumental aspect of rapport • Quick vs. Attained Rapport • Dark side of rapport

  3. Need for Rapport • Rapport is one of most critical elements in interviews and interrogations and one of the most difficult to establish(Intelligence Science Board, 2006) • Reduce resistance, increase compliance, obtain more/better information • A person reveals no secrets without rapport (Schafer & Navarro, 2003, p. 39) • Roadblock: Defining rapport • Etymology: French raport, or to report • Refers to the act of reporting, bringing back information, or connecting one party with another.

  4. Rapport Conceptualized • “feeling state experienced in interaction with another as interest, positivity, and balance” (Cappella, 1990) • “harmonious, empathetic, or sympathetic relation or connection to another self” (Newberry & Stubbs, 1997) • “a harmonious relationship [of subjects] with their interviewers” (Walsh & Bull, 2011) • FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (Simons & Boetig, 2007), rapport is described in terms of… • connectivity, understanding, empathy, disclosure, trust, confidence, cooperation, similarity, attentiveness, and interest.

  5. Rapport: Key Distinction • Mutuality of rapport in intimate relationships - “Rapport requires mutuality. Rapport is not achieved if only one person is interested” (Duncan, 1990) • Instrumental role of rapport - “Rapport is sought not because it is desirable in and of itself but because it is a means to an end” (LaFrance, 1990, p. 318)

  6. Three-Component ModelTickle-Degnen & Rosenthal (1990) Length of Interaction

  7. How to Establish Rapport in Investigative Interviews? Smile Head tilt Eyebrow Flash Strong Handshake Head nodding Mirror Body Language

  8. Taxonomy of Rapport Management Strategies constant increase decrease

  9. Investigative Interviews Typology

  10. Quick Rapport • Brief encounters do not allow time to establish rapport—you simply have to claim it! • The role of status: • more competent and leaderlike, viewed as more pleasant and likeable, and exert more influence (see Driskell & Mullen, 1990; Driskell, Olmstead, & Salas, 1993) • High status cues: • well-moderated voice tone, speak rapidly, exhibit few verbal disfluencies or hesitations, speak more often, make fluid gestures, and maintain eye contact (see Berger et al., 1986; Erickson, Lind, Johnson, & O'Barr, 1978; Mullen, Salas, & Driskell, 1989; Ridgeway, 1987) • Emphasis on the role of training

  11. Attained Rapport • Longer-term, more extensive interview environments require that rapport be attained over the course of sustained interactions. • The greater the social distance between the interviewer and the subject, the greater the difficulty in establishing and maintaining rapport. • Culture is important. Spradley (1979) states, “It is impossible to identify universal qualities that build rapport because harmonious relationships are culturally defined in every society”. • Establishing commonality is important (e.g., phatic or small talk) • Existing interviewer training may not foster rapport. • Is there a dark side?

  12. Take Home Message • Emphasis on instrumental role of rapport as an influence strategy in minimizing resistance or maximizing compliance in applied settings such as interviews or interrogations. • Mutuality vs. Instrumental • It is likely that the nature of rapport, how rapport develops, and strategies for building rapport differ for these different types of settings. • Quick vs. Attained Rapport

  13. Questions Berger, J., Webster, M., Ridgeway, C., & Rosenholtz, S. J. (1986). Status cues, expectations, and behavior. In E. Lawler (Ed.), Advances in group processes: Theory and research, Vol. 3 (pp. 1-22). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Cappella, J. N. (1990). On defining conversational coordination and rapport. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 303-305. Driskell, J. E., & Mullen, B. (1990). Status, expectations, and behavior: A meta-analytic review and test of the theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 541-553. Driskell, J. E., Olmstead, B., & Salas, E. (1993). Task cues, dominance cues, and influence in task groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 51-60. Duncan, S. (1990). Measuring rapport. Psychological Inquiry, 1(4), 310-312. Erickson, B., Lind, E. A., Johnson, B. C., & O'Barr, W. M. (1978). Speech style and impression formation in a court setting: The effects of "powerful" and "powerless" speech. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 266-279. Intelligence Science Board (2006). Educing information. Interrogation: Science and Art. Washington, DC: National Defense Intelligence College. LaFrance, M. (1990). The trouble with rapport. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 318-320. Mullen, B., Salas, E., & Driskell, J. E. (1989). Salience, motivation, and artifact as contributions to the relation between participation rate and leadership. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 545-559. Newberry, J.J., & Stubbs, C.A. (1997). Advanced interviewing techniques. Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms National Academy, Glynco, Georgia. Ridgeway, C. L. (1987). Nonverbal behavior, dominance, and the basis of status in task groups. American Sociological Review, 52, 683-694. Schafer, J. R., & Navarro, J. (2003). Advanced interviewing techniques: Proven strategies for law enforcement, military, and security personnel. Portland, OR: C. C. Thomas Publishers Simons, A. B., & Boetig, B. P. (2007). The structured investigative interview. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 76, 9-20. Spradley, J. P. (1979). The ethnographic interview. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Tickle-Degnen, L., & Rosenthal, R. (1990). The nature of rapport and its nonverbal correlates. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 285-293. Walsh, D., & Bull, R. (2011). Examining rapport in investigative interviews with suspects: Does its building and maintenance work? Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology (online).

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