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Chapter 16 Citizenship and the Law

Chapter 16 Citizenship and the Law. Crime. Crime costs Americans $1.7 Trillion dollars a year, about $5,800 a person Crime includes everything from shoplifting to murder. Types of Crime: 29 diff. types. Any act that breaks the law Criminal is any person that commits a crime

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Chapter 16 Citizenship and the Law

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  1. Chapter 16 Citizenship and the Law

  2. Crime • Crime costs Americans $1.7 Trillion dollars a year, about $5,800 a person • Crime includes everything from shoplifting to murder

  3. Types of Crime: 29 diff. types • Any act that breaks the law • Criminal is any person that commits a crime • Felonies are serious crimes like murder or rape • Misdemeanors are minor crimes like traffic violations and disturbing the peace

  4. Five main categories of crimes • 1. crimes against persons • 2. crimes against property • 3. victimless crimes • 4. white collar crime • 5. organized crime

  5. Crimes Against Persons • Act that harms, kills, or threatens a person • 1.3 million each year • 16,000 murders each year • Aggravated assault most common crime 900,000 each year • Hate crimes: crimes because of race, religion, or sexual orientation • Forcible rape: 90,000 cases a year

  6. Crimes against Property • Stealing or destroying prop. (arson) • Most crimes are against property • Burglary illegal entry with intent to steal, 2 million a year • Larceny is theft without force, shoplifting • Robbery involves both property and person, usually with a weapon

  7. Victimless Crime • Harms themselves: drug use, gambling • Drug use leads to other crimes

  8. White Collar Crime • Embezzlement: theft of money from someone you trust like bank • Fraud is cheating someone out of money or property • Often involves computers, hackers • Identity theft

  9. Organized Crime • Groups provide illegal goods and services, like gambling, drug trafficking, prostitution • Often they run legal businesses to hide illegal activity

  10. Causes of Crime • Poverty • Illegal Drug Use • Permissive Society • Urbanization • Lack of Education

  11. Fighting Crime • National Crime bill of 1994 • Increase Police officers • Expand prison system • 3 strike rule • Crime prevention

  12. Review ????????? • 1. How much does Crime cost each person? • 2. What is a person that breaks a law called? • 3. How many murders are committed each year? • 4. What are crimes based on religion, race or sexual orientation?

  13. Review??????? • 5. What are major crimes called? • 6. What are crimes like drug abuse and gambling called? • 7. What are the 5 main causes of crime? • 8. What did the national crime bill of 1994 do?

  14. Chapter 16 Section 2 • Page 388

  15. Role of Police • Criminal Justice System: 3 part system, police, courts, and corrections used to keep the peace

  16. Duties of the Police • Protecting Lives and Property • Preventing Crime • Arresting people who violate the law • Maintaining peace and order

  17. Police Training • Background checks • Physical and Psychological Training • High School Graduate, some positions require college education

  18. Police Arrests • Probable cause: officer must have witnessed the crime or gathered enough evidence to make an arrest • Arrest warrant: authorization by the court to make an arrest • Due Process: Miranda Rights

  19. After the Arrest • Taken to police station for booking • Fingerprinted and photographed • If only a misdemeanor only one fingerprint may be taken

  20. From Arrest to Sentencing • Second part of the Criminal Justice System is the Court System, suspects are tried for possible crimes. • Finish this sentence . . . Innocent until __________________

  21. Preliminary Hearing • Judge decides if there is enough evidence to send the case to trial • Judge can dismiss, or drop the charges • Judge must set bail, money person, defendant, post to guarantee that they will return for trial • Own Recognizance: for lesser crimes released without bail.

  22. Pre. Hearing cont • Depending on the seriousness of the crime, bail is set either high or low amount. • What types of crime would receive high bail amounts? Low bail amounts?

  23. Grand Jury and Indictment • Some states a grand jury hears the evidence and decides whether to send the case to trial. • If the grand Jury finds that there is enough evidence the defendant is indicted or formally charged with the crime

  24. Arraignment • The defendant appears before the judge and enters a plea of guilty or not guilty. • If pleads guilty no trial is needed

  25. Trial • The defense represents the defendant • The prosecution represents the government’s side • Jurors are chosen from a large group, both lawyers can reject potential jurors

  26. Trial Cont • The Prosecution presents their case first • The defense presents their case second • Defendant can chose whether or not to testify • Lawyers ask witnesses questions • In the end each lawyer makes closing statements

  27. Trial Cont • The Judge then tells the jury what they can and cannot consider under the law • Jury leaves to deliberate, or discuss the case • It is the prosecutions job to prove the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt

  28. Trial Cont • If there is reasonable doubt the jury must acquit the defendant, find him not guilty. • If the jury cannot agree on a verdict the defendant can be tried again before a different jury

  29. Sentencing • If found guilty the judge decides on the punishment • Some states have mandatory punishments that judges follow

  30. Plea Bargain • Most cases never go to trial, they are taken care of with a plea bargain • A plea Bargain is when the defendant pleads guilty to a lesser offense and the penalty is usually lighter than if a jury found them guilty

  31. Punishing Lawbreakers • Corrections: • Prison • Parole • Capital Punishment

  32. Imprisonment • Less serious crimes can be punished with fines or probation • More serious crimes carries prison time • Many prisons are overcrowded

  33. Prison • Some people view it as the criminal paying for their crime • Others view prison as a deterrent, something that discourages people from committing crimes • Still others view it as rehabilitation, so the criminal can return to society and stay out of trouble • Prisons also protect citizens from criminals

  34. Parole • After serving part of the their sentence a prisoner is eligible for parole, early release • Parole board reviews the prisoners record and behavior while in prison • People on parole have to follow certain rules and report regularly to their parole officer

  35. Capital Punishment • Harshest punishment • Death penalty • Still debated by many

  36. Review ????????? • 1. What group decides if there is enough evidence to go to trial? • 2. Sometimes police need this to enter a home? • 3. What is the amount needed to be released from jail and promise to return for trial?

  37. Review ????? • 4. What is the death penalty called? • 5. What is a problem that prisons are facing today? • 6. What is the name of the rights that an arrested person has? • 7. What is a plea bargain?

  38. Chapter 16 • Section 3

  39. How to treat juvenile offenders • 1. Punish in detention centers • 2. Give them counseling, treatment • 3. Treat them like adults

  40. Juv.. Crime • Under 18, some states • Delinquents- Juveniles found guilty of breaking a law • 15% of all arrests: • Arson and larceny highest amount

  41. Causes of Crime • 1. Poor Home Conditions • Parent absent or on drugs • Parents involved in illegal activities

  42. Causes cont • 2. Poor Neighborhood conditions • Poor areas have higher crime rate • See crime as only way out (NOT TRUE)

  43. Causes cont • 3. Gang Membership • No home so turn to gang to replace family • 772,000 gang members in US • Gangs commit crimes

  44. Causes cont • 4. Dropping out of school • Low education = low paying job

  45. Causes cont • 5. Alcohol and Drugs • More likely to commit crime

  46. Causes cont • 6. Peer Pressure • If your friends are juvenile delinquents then they are more likely to commit crimes

  47. Reform • 1870 change how juveniles were treated • Not punishment but removal from harmful environment • Re-educate and take care of • 1967 In re Gaul same due process as adults

  48. Today • Have hearing not jury • Treatment or Punishment • Foster Care • Correction facility or treatment facility for drug or alcohol abuse • Boot Camps

  49. Today cont • Probation: time to prove they can be good citizens, must follow strict rules • Counseling: get therapy and needs met

  50. As Adults • Many people believe if violent crime should be treated as adult • 14 and older and commits a felony in most states is tried as adult • Studies show that juveniles that are sent to adult prison do not stay out of trouble

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