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Understanding Female Reproductive System: Menstrual Cycle and FGM

Learn about the female reproductive system, menstrual cycle phases, and Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). Explore internal and external organs, functions, consequences of FGM, and locations where it is practiced.

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Understanding Female Reproductive System: Menstrual Cycle and FGM

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  1. Links from 10.6.14 Female Reproductive System – Menstrual Cycle, External View • http://kidshealth.org/parent/interactive/frs_it.html Male Reproductive System • http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/mrs_it.html

  2. Female Sex Organs: • Female gonads are the ovaries • All embryos appear as female at first. Genetic and hormonal signals trigger the development of male organs in those embryos destined to be male. • Sex organs serve a reproductive purpose, but they perform other functions also: giving pleasure, attracting sex partners, and bonding in relationships.

  3. Vulva • The external female genitals are known collectively as the vulva. It includes: • Mons pubis • Clitoris • Clitoral Hood (or Prepuce) • Labia Majora • Labia Minora • Urethral Opening • Anus

  4. Vulva (cont) • mons pubis is a pad of fatty tissue that covers the area of the pubic bone. • clitoris is the center of sexual arousal in the female. • labia majora (outer lips) are two folds of spongy flesh extending from the mons pubis and enclosing the other external genitals. • labia minora (inner lips) are smooth, hairless folds within the labia majora that meet above the clitoris.

  5. http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/female_it.html

  6. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) • aka Female Circumcision • What is it? • Types • Areas where it is practiced • Consequences

  7. What is FGM? • “the partial or total removal of the female external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for cultural or other nontherapeutic reasons.” -WHO • Cultural, religious and social factors • No health benefits • Mostly on girls between infancy and age 15

  8. Types of FGM • Type I • excision of the prepuce, with or without excision of part or all of the clitoris • Type II • excision of the clitoris with partial or total excision of the labia minora

  9. Types of FGM (cont) • Type III • Aka infibulation; the most extreme • excision of part or all of the external genitalia and stitching/narrowing of the vaginal opening • Type IV • pricking, piercing or incising of the clitoris and/or labia; stretching of the clitoris and/or labia; cauterization by burning of the clitoris and surrounding tissue

  10. Consequences • Severe bleeding • Problems urinating • Infections • Infertility • Complications in childbirth • Increased risk of newborn deaths • Need for surgery

  11. Where is FGM practiced? • Africa • Asia • Middle East

  12. Internal Organs The internal female sexual structures and reproductive organs include: • Vagina • Uterus • Cervix • Ovaries • Fallopian tubes

  13. http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/female_it.html

  14. The Vagina • A flexible muscular organ, approximately 3-4 inches long (in unaroused state) that has the vaginal opening at one end and the cervix at the other. • Purpose of the vagina: • Menstruation • Childbirth • Intercourse

  15. The Vagina (cont) • Introitus or Vaginal Os • The opening of the vagina • Hymen • a thin, perforated membrane, that covers the introitus prior to first intercourse or other intrusion. • a Greek word meaning "virginal membrane" or "thin skin".

  16. Cervix • Located between the vagina and the uterus • Cervical Os • Opening to the vagina • Allows menstrual blood to flow out of the uterus into the vagina

  17. Uterus • Also known as the womb • A pear-shaped organ located between the bladder and the lower intestine • Consists of three parts • Body of the uterus (about the size of a fist in a non-pregnant female) • Cervix • Fundus • Endometrium • Lining of the uterus • is built up and then shed and expelled through the cervical os (opening) during menstruation.

  18. Ovaries • Egg-producing organs • Eggs are the gametes (or reproductive cells) • Hold between 150,000 and 500,000 follicles (sacks) • Found on each side of the uterus

  19. Fallopian Tube • Also known as the Uterine Tube • Two leading off each side of the uterus • Site of fertilization

  20. Female Sexual Physiology • During puberty hormones trigger the completion of oogenesis, the production of oocytes, commonly called eggs or ova. • Follicles • Sac in which eggs are carried. Found inside the ovaries.

  21. Female Sexual Physiology • At birth • 150,000 - 500,000 follicles. • each containing an immature ova (egg) • By beginning of reproductive life • Diminishes to 34,000 follicles • During active childbearing years (ages 13 – 50) • 300 - 400.follicles undergo maturation

  22. The Menstrual Cycle • Follicular (Proliferative) phase • Days 1 through 6 • Beginning of menstrual flow to end of blood flow • Days 7 – 13 endometrium thickens • Luteal (Secretory) phase • aka premenstrual phase • Days 15 to 28 • The endometrium thickens to prepare the egg for implantation • These two phases are separated by: • Ovulation • Day 14

  23. Ovulation • The process in the menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and releases an ovum (also known as an egg or an oocyte) • The released egg, unless fertilized, only lasts 12 to 24 hours.

  24. http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/female_it.html

  25. The Menstrual Cycle http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/female_it.html

  26. Menstrual Cycle • Order of the Menstrual Cycle: • Menstrual → Proliferative → Secretory • The menstrual cycle is divided into 3 phases. 1. Menstruation 2. Proliferative Phase: Endometrial tissue builds up during this phase 3. Secretory Phase: Produces nutrients to sustain an embryo

  27. Corpus Luteum • A mound of yellow tissue • Develops as a result of the ruptured follicle • During pregnancy, it serves to produce estrogen and progesterone

  28. If fertilization occurs, • Fertilized egg is implanted in the wall of the uterus. Corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone for several months and will remain in ovary until the end of pregnancy. • If fertilization does NOT occur: • Corpus luteum becomes smaller. Progesterone levels drop. Uterine lining sloughs off and menstruation begins.

  29. Hormones • Hormones are chemical substances that serve as messengers, traveling through the bloodstream.

  30. Hormones • Pituitary Hormones • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) • Ovarian Hormones (aka sex hormones) • Estrogen • Progesterone

  31. Reaches uterus about 2-4 days after ovulation Movesslowlytowarduterus Sweptinto fallopian tube Releasedfrom follicle The Path of the Egg • Released from follicle • Swept into fallopian tube • Moves slowly toward uterus • Reaches uterus in about 4 days The egg, unless fertilized, only survives 12-24 hours.

  32. PMS • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a group of symptoms related to the menstrual cycle

  33. PMS • Physical and emotional disorder • Caused by hormonal changes • Widely recognized as a medical condition • 85% of menstruating women have at least one symptom • 5-10% debilitating symptoms • Symptoms present two weeks before menstruation

  34. Remedies:Dietary Recommendations • Low fat • High fiber • 3 meals a day and 3 snacks containing starchy foods • Drink plenty of water • Avoid caffeine • Low salt • High calcium

  35. Menstrual Conditions • Two types • Amenorrhea • Dysmenorrhea • Amenorrhea • Primary • failure to start having a period by the age of 16 • Secondary • temporary or permanent ending of periods in a woman who has menstruated normally in the past

  36. Menstrual Disorders (Cont) • Dysmenorrhea - Painful menstrual periods (aka cramps) • Primary • no physical abnormality and usually begins within three years after you begin menstruating • Secondary • involves an underlying physical cause, such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids

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