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Languages aroud the world. Summary. Definition Origins of human language Language and culture Human and non-human languages What are the world’s most widely spoken languages? Languages in Morocco. Definition.
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Languages aroud the world
Summary • Definition • Origins of human language • Language and culture • Human and non-human languages • What are the world’s most widely spoken languages? • Languages in Morocco
Definition • A language is a system of symbols used to represent data and transfer it between two or more entities . It is a structured system of oral or written signs which allow the communication between the humans. More precisely, the language is the faculty which has the humans to be expressed.
Definition • The systems require symbols which are sometimes known as lexemes and rules governing how the symbols work (grammars) . • Human languages use the sound for symbols. These sounds can be converted into written form with little loss of information. Gestures are a part of human language too."Language" is also used to refer to common properties of languages. There are thousands of human languages, and these seem to share certain properties, even though many shared properties have exceptions.
Origins of human language • No one yet agrees on when language was first used by humans (or their ancestors). Some estimations said that it was using from about two million (2,000,000) years ago, during the time of Homo habilis , and others affirm that it’s just from forty thousand (40,000) years ago, during the time of Cro-Magnon man.
Language and Culture • Language is an element of culture that contributes to every aspect of human relationships. The role that language plays in human interaction transcends basic communication (such as commanding somebody to do something, or providing information when asked a question). This cultural artifact encodes meanings through its ability to manipulate what others imagine. The existence of denotations (what we mean to point out or say) is often received as connotation (what people have culturally subscribed to understanding when something is pointed out) Because of language’s ability to encode a wide range of meanings, and represent all ideas, it is the ultimate cultural artifact.
Human and non-human languages • The study of the language as means of expression includes necessarily the study of the gestures and the sounds. If it is considered that the animals are expressed using gestures and sounds, one can wonder whether it is possible to speak justifiably about an animal language. The term "animal languages“ is often used for non-human languages. Most researchers agree that these are not as complex or expressive as human language ,they may better be described as animal communication relates to the way in which the species communicate using nonverbal signs. Some researchers argue that there are significant differences separating human language from the communication of other animals.
What are the world's most widely spoken languages? • This question is a very interesting one that has a rather complicated answer. Estimates of how many people speak a language are quite general and can vary considerably. • The definition of “speaker” can be vague. Some surveys of languages give information on native speakers only. Others count both native speakers and secondary speakers (those who use the language regularly or primarily even though it is not their native language ).
What are the world's most widely spoken languages? • Lastly, it is important to consider not only the population (number) of language speakers, but also the geographic distribution of these languages. Some languages have relatively large populations of native speakers but are used almost exclusively in a few countries. On the other hand, other languages have relatively small populations of native speakers but are used in many different countries as an official or national language.
Mandarin • Mandarin Chinese is a category of related Chinese dialects spoken across most of northern and southwestern China . The Mandarin dialects have more speakers than any other language. • Mandarin can refer to two distinct concepts: • To Standard Mandarin , based on the particular Mandarin dialect spoken in Beijing ,Taiwan, Singapore, and one of the 6 official languages of the United Nations. • To all of the Mandarin dialects spoken in northern and southwestern China.
English • English is a widely distributed language that originated in England, United Kingdom and is now the primary language in many countries. It is used as a second language and as an official language in other countries. • An estimated 400–450 million people speak English as their first language. One recent estimate is that 1.9 billion people, nearly a third of the world's population, have a basic proficiency in English. English is the dominant international language in communications, science, business, aviation, entertainment, diplomacy and the Internet. It has been one of the official languages of the United Nations since its founding in 1945.
English is a West Germanic language which developed from Old English. As a result of the Norman Conquest, it has been heavily influenced, more than other Germanic language, by French and Latin. From England it spread to the rest of the British Isles, then to the colonies and territories of the British Empire such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. As a result of these historical developments English is the official language in many countries formerly under British or American rule, such as Pakistan, Ghana, India, Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya, Uganda, Philipines.
Hindi • Hindi is one of the official languages of India and is used as the language of administration, the media, education and literature in Delhi... Elsewhere in India, Hindi is used, along side English, as a second language. • It is also spoken in Bangladesh, Botswana, Canada, Germany, Kenya, Nepal, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore,Uganda,UK, USA, Yemen, and Zambia. It is closely related to Urdu, the main language of Pakistan, which is written with the Arabic script. • Hindi was originally written with the Brahmi script but since the 11th century AD it has been written with the Devanāgarī alphabet.
Spanish • Current estimation accounts up to 410 million, making Spanish the most widely spoken Romance language. • Spanish originated as a dialect in the Cantabria region of Spain; from that region, its use gradually spread to the kingdom of Castile, where it became the principal language of government and trade. It was later brought to the Western Hemisphere and other parts of the world in the last five centuries by Spanish explorers, colonists and empire-builders. Spanish is one of six official working languages of the United Nations and one of the most used global languages, along with English. It is spoken on all continents, most extensively in North and South America, Europe, and certain parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania.
Arabic • Arabic is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family and is closely related to Hebrew . It is spoken throughout the Arab world and is widely studied and known throughout the Islamic world. Classical Arabic has been a literary language since at least the 6th century and is the liturgical language of Islam. Because of its liturgical role, Arabic has lent many words to other Islamic languages. During the Middle Ages Arabic was also a major vehicle of culture, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy, with the result that many European languages have also borrowed numerous words from it.
Languages in Morocco Because of the varied historical influences on the people of Morocco, there is a large variety of languages spoken throughout the country: • Moroccan Arabic: This is the official language of Morocco, most Moroccans can understand conventional Arabic, but there a lot of types of dialects. • Standard Arabic: Most Moroccans can understand this form of Arabic which is spoken and written much throughout the rest of the Middle East and North Africa. Most Arabic television programs are in this form of Arabic.
Tachelhit:3 to 4 million of the people of Morocco speak this form of Berber. • Tamazight:This is also spoken by roughly 3 million of the inhabitants of Morocco. It is a dialect of Berber. • Tarifit:a lesser used dialect of the Berber language. It is spoken by about 1.5 million people in Morocco. • Spanish:Over 20 000 people in Morocco are capable of speaking Spanish. Besides being only a short distance away, Spain also acted as a protectorate of Morocco for a while after 1912. This resulted in Spanish influence in culture and language.
French :isn’t seen as an indigenous language in Morocco, however, at least, half of the population is capable of speaking it. This is due to the strong French influence during the period of 1912/1956. French descended from the Latin of the Roman Empire. It is spoken originally in France, Belgium, and Switzerland. Today about 200 million people around the world use this language as a mother tongue or fluent second language. It is an official language in 41 countries, most of which form “La Francophonie” community of French-speaking nations.
From the 18th century into the 20th century, French was the leading international language of culture and diplomacy. The knowledge of French was considered a requirement for better-educated classes around the world as late as the 1970s. Due to this legacy -- and ongoing strenuous efforts by the French government -- it retains significant use today in international affairs despite its replacement by English as the "world language".
Drum communication (whisthling) • Developed and used by cultures living in forested areas, drums served as an early form of long distance communication, and were used during ceremonial and religious functions. • In Africa, New Guinea and the tropical America, people have used drum telegraphy to communicate with each other from far away for centuries. When European expeditions came into the jungles to explore the primeval forest, they were surprised to find that the message of their coming and their intention was carried through the woods a step in advance of their arrival.
Sign language: • The written history of sign language began in the 17th century in Spain. In 1620, Juan Pablo Bonet published "Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos" (‘Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak’) in Madrid. It is considered the first modern treatise of Phonetics and Logopedia, setting out a method of oral education for the deaf people by means of the use of manual signs, in form of a manual alphabet to improve the communication of the dumb or deaf people. • Generally, each spoken language has a sign language counterpart in as much as each linguistic population will contain Deaf members who will generate a sign language.
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