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Natural Killer Cells

Natural Killer Cells. http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_notes/NNvol21N6/killercell.jpg. Chris Nevares & Michael Murphy. NK cells have a common precursor to other lymphocytes, but it is not known what causes differentiation of NK cells as opposed to T or B cells. NK cell eating a tumor.

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Natural Killer Cells

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  1. Natural Killer Cells http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_notes/NNvol21N6/killercell.jpg Chris Nevares & Michael Murphy

  2. NK cells have a common precursor to other lymphocytes, but it is not known what causes differentiation of NK cells as opposed to T or B cells.

  3. NK cell eating a tumor

  4. Importance of NK cells

  5. Receptors of NK Cells NK cells do not possess antigen specific receptors. • They have two different categories of receptors: • Lectin-like • killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) • Though the structure does not define function.

  6. Receptors on NK cells exhibit activation and inhibition functions • Rather than binding to antigen, NK cells have different types of receptors that activate or inhibit their function. • Current theory states there are multiple activating and inhibiting receptors on each NK cell • Activating receptors exhibit immunoreceptor tyrosine activating motifs (ITAM) while inhibition receptors exhibit immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motifs (ITIM) • Basically ITAMs help deliver activation signals, and ITIMs repress them

  7. Involved in activation of NK cells

  8. Involved in inhibition in NK cells

  9. NK cells tend to target cells missing Class I MHC

  10. NK cell receptor stimulations and resulting responses

  11. NK cells also have CD16 receptors (FcR)

  12. NK Cells have similar cytotoxic pathways as CTLs

  13. Perforin and Granzymes are also present in NK cells along with FasL.

  14. http://journals.cambridge.org/fulltext_content/ERM/ERM5_03/S1462399403005623sup013.gifhttp://journals.cambridge.org/fulltext_content/ERM/ERM5_03/S1462399403005623sup013.gif

  15. Granules are composed of perforin and granzymes

  16. Dynamin 2 Regulates Granule Exocytosis during NK Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity1 Laura N. Arneson,* Colin M. Segovis,* Timothy S. Gomez,*† Renee A. Schoon,* Christopher J. Dick,* Zhenkun Lou,† Daniel D. Billadeau,2*† and Paul J. Leibson*

  17. What is Dynamin 2? • Dyn2 has five functional domains: • GTPase domain • Oligomerization domain • Pleckstrin homology domain • GTPase effector domain • Proline-rich domain implicated in in interacting with Src homology 3 (SH3) domains

  18. What does Dyn2 do? • Regulates: • Endo/exocytosis • Actin assembly • Interacts with: • Actin remodeling machinery • Cortactin, Grb2, and Nck • Vav1 • T-cell activation & actin polymerization • t-SNARE and Vam3p [Vps1p (yeast homologue)] • Vacuole fusion

  19. Summary of paper findings • Dyn2 regulates NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity • Controls exocytosis of lytic granules • Suppression of Dyn2 impairs cell-mediated cytotoxicity • Dyn2 effects independent of proximal signaling • Dyn2 regulates terminal phase of granule release • Novel function of protein in exocytosis • Endocytosis well characterized • May participate in broader cell regulation

  20. Dyn2 localizes with lytic granules at the NK cytolytic synapse

  21. Dyn2 modulates cell-mediated cytotoxicity

  22. Dyn2 modulates cell-mediated cytotoxicity

  23. Dyn2 does not modulate conjugate formation

  24. Proximal signaling is unchanged by Dyn2

  25. Dyn2 does not effect granule polarization

  26. Dyn2 regulates granule secretion

  27. Discussion • Surprising role in exocytosis • Coordination of fission with fusion • Dyn2 involved in insulin secretion • CTL homologue Muc 13-4 required for vesicle fusion • Dyn2 in NK cells not required for secretion • In absence of Dyn2: • Initial burst occurs, but subsequent bursts limited • Finite number of granule fission sites at synapse • Ineffective removal of empty lytic vesicles • Kiss-and-run model or cavicapture may explain this phenomena

  28. Kiss and Run Model http://www.neuroworld.it/aBC/kis_run.htm

  29. Dyn2 in medicine • Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease • One of the most common inherited neurodegenerative diseases • Centronuclear myopathy • Improper localization of the nucleus • X-linked

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