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Human Geography

Human Geography. Demography and Standards of Living. Developing Countries. Low income per capita (Gross Domestic Product -GDP) Low literacy rates Low life expectancy Few schools, doctors and hospitals Few people with telephones Only cities have electricity Often in debt to developed

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Human Geography

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  1. Human Geography

  2. Demography and Standards of Living

  3. Developing Countries • Low income per capita (Gross Domestic Product -GDP) • Low literacy rates • Low life expectancy • Few schools, doctors and hospitals • Few people with telephones • Only cities have electricity • Often in debt to developed countries • Known as “Third World” Ghana 2003

  4. Newly Industrialized Countries • Becoming rapidly industrialized. • Attracting significant financial investment. • Growing economy • In between developed and developing countries. • Known as “Second World” Guangdong Province of China

  5. Developed Countries • Industrialized countries where majority of citizens are educated, healthy and well-housed. • High gross domestic product (GDP) and high on the Human Development Index (HDI). • Have infrastructure: roads, water supply, power grids, communications. • Known as “First World” London Bridge

  6. Developmental Factors • “Available natural resources, especially when used as the basis for local industry • Stable political system, so that there is continuity over the long term • A literate population that can take advantage of new ideas and technologies • An open attitude toward change and progress among the population”

  7. Population Pyramids • A bar graph that depicts the population of • an area by age groups and sex. • Helps predict future population for • countries http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/analysis/agesex/charts/index.cfm http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/analysis/agesex/tables.cfm#animations

  8. Developed vs. Developing Population Pyramids

  9. Four Types of Population Pyramids • Early Expanding – developing countries • Expanding – developing countries • Contracting – developed countries • Stable – developed countries

  10. Early Expanding http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

  11. Expanding http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

  12. Contracting Canada 2006 Statistics Canada, Canadian Population Census, 2006

  13. Stable http://www.nationmaster.com/country/ei/Age_distribution

  14. Review and Questions • What are two characteristics of a developed, developing or newly industrialized country? • What is the purpose of population pyramids? • What are the four different styles of population pyramids? • Explain the differences among the four styles of population pyramids.

  15. Characteristics of Population Population Distribution – refers to the way people are distributed across the Earth’s surface. Places that are sparsely populated contain few people. Places that are densely populated contain lots of people. Often related to environment. • Over 50% of the world’s population lives on only 5% of the land • Approximately 35% of world’s land not good for settlement

  16. World Population Distribution

  17. World Population Distribution

  18. Factors Contributing to Population Distribution Five Factors • Accessibility (i.e. to transportation and / or communication) • Climate (i.e. too hot or too cold), not enough rainfall • The Landscape (i.e. too mountainous or desert) • The Vegetation (i.e. access to food and shelter) • The Resources available (i.e. access to clean water)

  19. Population Distribution in Canada • 80% of people live within 200km of our Southern border (the USA) • Most choose to live in areas where temperatures more moderate (i.e. not in North) • Majority of Canadians live in urban (city) centres

  20. Characteristics of Population Continued… Population Density – is a measurement of the number of people in an area. Calculated by dividing a country’s population by its area. • The population density for an entire country is called its crude density.

  21. Population Density Population density by distribution in Canada 2006

  22. Factors Affecting Population Density London, England has 4,726 people per square km

  23. Population Characteristics Continued… Population Growth Rate: The number of persons added to (or subtracted from) a population in a year due to natural increase and net migration Natural Increase = birth rate – death rate Net Migration includes: Emigration rate – the number of people leaving Canada. Immigration rate – the number of people arriving in Canada.

  24. Population Growth Rate Birth rate – death rate + net migration rate = Population Growth Rate • the increase (or decrease) in the total number of people in Canada in a given year

  25. Class Example If the birth rate in Canada from 2007 was 10.75, the death rate in 2007 was 7.86, and the net migration rate was 5.79 what would the POPULATION GROWTH RATE be?

  26. The Answer… Birth Rate – Death rate + Net Migration rate = 10.75 – 7.86 + 5.79 = 8.68 8.68/10 = 0.868% 0.868% was Canada’s Population Growth Rate in 2007

  27. Global Population Growth Rates

  28. Review and Questions • What is population distribution & what are the five factors involved? • What is population density & what are the physical and human factors involved in population density? • Analyze the population growth rate. How does the world’s increase in population growth rate effect your future?

  29. Changes in Canada’s Population & the World’s Population • Over the past 30 years Canada’s birth and death rates have steadily declined. • Therefore…our country (and many others) has become known for its “aging population”. Aging population is “an increase in the proportion of senior citizens relative to the youth and working age population.” http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/health/ruralhealth/agingpop/1

  30. Population Characteristics continued… Dependency Ratio/Load: refers to the proportion of the population that is being supported by the working-age-group (15-65 years old) • If a country has a high dependency ratio, those who work will experience a greater financial burden. • Some countries have a high dependency ratio due to a large amount of children (i.e. Africa at 40%) and others due to a large amount of old age dependency (Canada – Aging Population)

  31. Old Age Dependency Ratio in Canada • - ``The ratio is measured as the • number of people 65 years of • age or older for every 100 • people of working age (15 to • 64 years of age). `` • ``The ratio value for Canada • as a whole in 2000 was 18.3.`` http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/health/ruralhealth/agingpop/dependencyratios2000

  32. Line Graph of Old-Age Dependency Ratio, Canada 1991-2000 Line Graph of Old-Age Dependency Ratio, Canada 1991-2000 http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/health/ruralhealth/agingpop/aging_figure3.gif/image_view

  33. Population Characteristics Continued… Fertility Rate: Average number of live births each year per woman of childbearing age.

  34. Fertility Rate • Directly linked to the countries development. • Better educated women tend to have fewer children due to knowledge of contraceptives and can resist family pressure. • Children of educated women are more likely to survive because they know more about immunization, clean water and good nutrition.

  35. Global Fertility Rates

  36. Immigration • Due to our countries low fertility rates (natural increases) we are dependent on net immigration • The government hopes for a 1% increase through immigration every year (200,000 immigrants/year) • Approximately 19.6% of our population are immigrants, and some believe that by 2030 immigration will be the major form of population growth.

  37. Demographic Transition Model – 5 Stages Pre-Industrial Stage Transitional Stage Mature Industrializing Stage Post-Industrial Stage De-industrializing

  38. Demographic Transition Model • Describes population change over time, or transitions, in industrialized societies over the past 200 years. Based on history of developed countries (may not apply to Africa). • Includes three elements: • Birth rates • Death rates • Trends in overall population numbers

  39. Demographic Transition Model Stage One – Pre-Industrial • A balance of high birth rates and high death rates • The life expectancy is very LOW • Very little population growth • Developing Countries

  40. Demographic Transition Model Stage Two – Transitional/Industrializing Phase • Rise in population caused by decline in death rate (due to better health care, medicine, sanitation, technology, farming techniques, food supply, education, etc.) while birth rate remains high or rises • Rapid increase in population numbers due to improved medical and scientific advances to sustain life • Without a corresponding fall in birth rates this produces an imbalance, and the countries in this stage experience a large increase in population. • Developing Countries

  41. Demographic Transition Model Stage Three – Mature Industrializing • Developed Countries • Decline in birth rate results in more stable population • Improved living standards • birth rates fall due to: • access to contraception, • increases in wages, • urbanization, • a reduction in subsistence agriculture, • an increase in the status and education of women, • a reduction in the value of children's work, • an increase in parental investment in the education of children and other social changes • Population growth begins to level off

  42. Demographic Transition Model Stage Four – Post-Industrial • Characterized by stability (linked to economic stability, and developed countries) • Population age structure has become older due to low birth rates and death rates • Population growth slows down and nearly levels off • Birth rates may drop below replacement level. This is already happening in countries like Japan, Greece and Canada. * Globally the total fertility rate at replacement is approximately 2.33, Canada’s fertility rate is 1.51.

  43. Fertility Rates by Country

  44. Demographic Transition Model Stage Five – De-industrializing • Birth rates drop below death rates (sub-replacement level) • Represent countries that have undergone the economic transition from manufacturing based industries into service and information based industries • Representative of highly developed countries

  45. High Fertility Rates that contribute to overpopulation • Overpopulation occurs when a population exceeds its “carrying capacity” Carrying Capacity – the level at which the land can support the population living on it.

  46. Responses to Overpopulation • Family Planning / Controlling Population Growth Rate • Reduced population reduces strain on resources (natural, economic, etc.) • Leads to a general increase in standard of living

  47. Responses to Population Growth • In 1979 China implemented the One Child Policy (Family Planning Policy) as a result of their increasing population • 1/5 of the worlds population resides in China (1 billion) • The fertility rate in China was at ~5.

  48. Responses to Population Growth • Improve technology – countries with higher levels of technology tend to have more developed economies. • Increase resource base – use own resources to develop itself: work force, natural resources, technology and financial institutions.

  49. Responses to Population Growth • Improve literacy rates – giving a population the skills to read will improve their access to higher paying jobs. This in turn will improve overall quality of life and standard of living.

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