Age of Religious Wars

1. Age of Religious Wars Struggle for Power Religion or Politics ?

2. Protestants vs. Catholics • Reformation caused a series of wars. • Europe was trying to RE-Discovery itself. • Wars are both national and international conflicts. • 1555: Peace of Augsberg -> cuius regio, eius religio • 1563: Council of Trent ended • 1564: Calvin dies in Geneva

3. Religion into Political Structure • Catholics – stressed the episcopal church system where obedience to the person at the top was emphasized. • Calvinists – adopted a presbyterian church system where local churches maintained individual control.

4. Cultural Developments • Baroque Art: Three-dimensional display of life and energy. • Grandiose and elegant landscapes and portraits. • Differences in Catholic vs. Protestant • Peter Paul Rubens: 1571-1640 • Rembrandt van Rijn: 1606-1669

15. Intellectual Developments • Skepticism, Relativism, & Individualism • “To kill a man is not to defend a doctrine, but to kill a man” • Politiques: Rulers who urged tolerance and moderation for political unity.

16. French Wars of Religion • 1562-1598 • French Protestants- Huguenots • Edict of Fontainebleu 1540 • Edict of Chateaubriand 1551 • For the most part, France remained a staunch foe of Protestants.

17. Internal Conflicts • Henry II accidentally dies and breaks Habsburg-Valois peace. • Francis II becomes KING. • Families vie for power: - Bourbons - Montmorency-Chatillons - Guises

18. Catherine de Medicis • Ascends to power, as the regency of her son, Francis II and then Charles IX • Guise sympathies • War with the Huguenots • Machiavellian

19. Factors of War • Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye - In 1570, Granted religious freedom to the Huguenots. • 1571 – Battle of Lepanto Spain crushes the Turks • Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre - August 24, 1572 over 20,000 Protestants were killed.

20. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

21. A Nominal Peace • In 1589, Henry III was stabbed and Henry (IV) Navarre, a Huguenot Protestant, came to power. • A true politique • Edict of Nantes 1598: Granted the religious freedom of worship.

22. Henry IV • 1589-1610 • Bourbon Dynasty • A true politique who ended the Wars of Religion in France • Treaty of Vervins • Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic Monk

23. Pillars of Spanish Power • Philip II: Ruler of the Eastern Habsburg Dynasty, a true Machiavellian ruler • Extremely Catholic • Wealth and Power come from the New World. • Wanted complete control over Europe

24. Philip II: 1556-1598 • New World Riches • Silver and Gold • Increased Population • Subjugated Poor • Efficient Bureaucracy • Controlled Lesser Nobles • Supremacy in the Mediterranean

25. The Netherlands • Philip’s first attempt to seize northern Europe was in the Netherlands • His efforts, however, were to no avail • 1550s - Calvinism makes its way into the Netherlands

26. Protestant Opposition • William of Orange - Calvinist who opposed Philip II. • Compromise of 1564: pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition. • Philip sends the Duke Alba to the Netherlands.

27. Duke of Alba • Arrives in Rotterdam 1567 • 10,000 soldiers • Reign of Terror • “Tenth Penny” - Sales Tax

29. Resistance & Unification • William of Orange joined forces with “Sea Beggars” • In 1572, capture the city of Brill • Pacification of Ghent: 1576 - Splits the Netherlands. - North: Protestant - South: Catholic

30. Towards Independence • Union of Arras: supported the Counter-Reformation -> Trent • Union of Utrecht: supported Calvinism. • 1581 - Wm of Orange declares Independence from Spain • 1584 - He was assassinated! • Independence not recognized until 1648

31. England’s Religious Wars • Mary Tudor: reinstates Catholicism • Married to Philip II – her cousin • “Bloody Mary” killed thousands of Protestants • Died 1558 supposedly giving birth - no heir so Elizabeth I became the Regent

32. Thomas Cranmer’s Execution

33. Elizabeth I: 1558-1603 • A true politique • Political unity in England • Re-established the Church of England • Never marries

34. Internal Problems • Catholicism vs. Protestantism in England. • Elizabeth sought the middle road • Protestants split in England: - Presbyterians - Congregationalists

35. External Problems • Problems stem from Spain • Elizabeth I was the only support and hope for the Protestants in northern Europe • 1585 - Treaty of Nonsuch • 1587 - executes Mary Scots

36. Tilbury Speech

37. Spanish Armada: 1588

39. Political or Religious ? • The Thirty Years’ War was the last and most destructive wars of religion. • It established the map of Europe and brought the world into modernity. • BUT… was it a political struggle or a religious crusade?

40. Religious Divisions • Lutherans were established in the north and protected by the Peace of Augsburg. • Catholics had established a stronghold in France, Spain, and HRE. • Calvinist took over the Palatine under elector Frederick III

42. Four Periods of War • Bohemian - 1618-1625 • Danish - 1625-1629 • Swedish - 1630-1635 • Swedish-French - 1635-1648

43. Bohemian Period • Ferdinand a Habsburg Catholic makes an entrance in 1618. • May 1618 - Defenestration of Prague • Calvinists protest and elect Frederick V to the Palatine. • Ferdinand finds allies in Spain and the Catholic League.

44. Danish Period • King of Denmark - Christian IV was a Lutheran with BIG goals. • The Catholic League and Albrecht of Wallenstein, a Catholic mercenary. • Edict of Restitution 1629

45. Swedish Period • Gustavos Adolphus wanted to maximize his interests in the mainland. • Backed by the French and the Dutch • Killed in 1632 by Wallenstein in the Battle of Lutzen. • Wallenstein assassinated by Ferdinand

46. Swedish-French Period • French moved directly into the war. • The mostly deadly phase of the war, with over a third of the German population being wiped out. • Resulted in a politically fragmented and weak German region.

47. Treaty of Westphalia • Clearly this peace treaty is a secular document, but what exactly does it establish? • How did it significantly bring about the entrance into the modern era?

49. Interpretations • What was the motivating factor behind the Thirty Years’ War? - Religion - Politics - Greed

50. Next Week • Briefly trace the paths to power of England and France in 17th century and define what the differences were in the two distinct formations. • Focus on ONE: either England’s Path to Constitutionalism or France’s Success in Absolutism.