Chapter 12 The Age of Religious Wars

1. Chapter 12The Age of Religious Wars

2. Why wars? • Renaissance  Reformation  Wars • Catholic Baroque art and architecture v. Mannerism: Protestant art and architecture • Politiques were people who put peace and compromise over religious purity.

3. War in France • Huguenots = French Protestants • France was divided, Guise family was powerful and Catholic. • Catherine de Medicis was woman in power during the reigns of her three sons. She tried to keep her sons in power and France out of anarchy.

4. War all the time • The Duke of Guise was assassinated after he started the first war of religion in France by attacking protestants in church. • Catherine wanted France to remain Catholic but she played both sides against each other. She didn’t want the radical Guises to take over. Huguenots wanted France to help Protestants in the Netherlands against Spain. • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: On August 24, 1572, 3,000 Huguenots were murdered in Paris. Over the next few days 20,000 were murdered all over France. Catherine supported the massacre as a way to check growing Huguenot power.

6. Henry III • Was the last of Catherine’s sons to become king. (R. 1574-1589) • The Catholic League was formed in 1576 by Henry of Guise, it was a response to Henry III’s Peace of Beaulieu which had given religious freedom to Huguenots. • Henry III had Duke of Guise and Cardinal of Guise assassinated. This set off more violence and forced Henry III to ally with Henry of Navarre in 1589. • Henry III was then assassinated by a radical Dominican Friar.

7. Henry of Navarre, Henry IV, Henry the Great • Succeeded Henry III to become Henry IV. He was a Huguenot and converted from Calvinism to Catholicism prior to becoming King. • In 1598 he enacted the Edict of Nantes. It gave Huguenots religious freedom and effectively ended France’s civil war.

8. Henry IV as Hercules slaying the Lernaean Hydra (Catholic League)by Toussaint Dubreuil

9. He was Assassinated by a Catholic fanatic in 1610.

10. Spain • Philip II reigned 1556-1598 • Hapsburg • Spanish were powerful • Gold and Silver from New World • Increased Population (All over Europe) • Powerful and efficient Bureaucracy and Military • Naval Power, Supremacy in the Mediterranean • Spain was united, Catholic

11. Fight with the Turks • Turks were expanding into the Med. and Europe. • Spain allied with Venice, Genoa and the Pope (Holy League) to fight the Muslim Turks. • Don John of Austria’s fleet fought Ali Pasha on October 7, 1571. 30,000 Turks died in the Battle of Lepanto.

12. Battle of Lepanto

13. Revolt in the Netherlands • Cardinal Granvelle tried to institute Spanish control over economy and religion in diverse, independent Netherlands. • Opposing him were: • William of Orange: became Calvinist after the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572). • Count of Egmont • In 1564, William and Egmont were able to get Granvelle removed from office.

14. Increasing Tensions • In 1564, Philip II tried to enforce the decrees of the Council of Trent throughout the Netherlands. • Common people began to rebel. • The Compromise was a pledge of the people to resist Trent and the Inquisition. • The rebellion was crushed by the Duke of Alba. He was sent by Philip II with 10,000 man army. • Netherlands Nobility did not join in rebellion. • The Council of Troubles/Council of Blood ruled N. It executed Count Egmont and thousands of heretics.

15. William of Orange and the Spanish Fury • William of Orange was in exile in Germany. He worked to unite the Netherlands and allies against Spain. • Known as the Beggars and Sea Beggars they fought against the Spanish. • Spanish Fury: Spanish Mercenaries rioted, looted and murdered 7,000 people in Antwerp. This united the Dutch against the Spanish. • In 1577, Don John was defeated and forced to sign Perpetual Edict. It was an agreement to remove all Spanish troops from the Netherlands. • William of Orange became new King of Netherlands.

16. Spanish didn’t give up that easily • Don John and Alexander Farnese convinced Catholic south to break away from Calvinist north. South formed Union of Arras and allied with Spain. • (North Netherlands, South Belgium) • Philip II declared William of Orange an outlaw. William gave a speech the Apology in which he denounced Philip as a heathen. • Kept fighting until 1648 and the Treaty of Westphalia.

17. England • Lady Jane Grey became Queen when King Edward VI died. She was subsequently removed and beheaded so Mary I could become Queen. • The people wanted Mary because she was Henry VIII’s daughter. • Mary was Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon. She married Philip II of Spain. Was only Queen from 1553-1558. • She made England Catholic again and started persecuting Protestants. (287 were burned at the stake) Marian Exiles were people who fled persecution and went to Europe. (Bloody Mary)

18. Elizabeth I • Became Queen when Mary died without an heir. • Elizabeth was aided by Sir William Cecil. • Returned England to Anglicanism with 1559 Act of Supremacy (again). • Act of Uniformity made everyone in England use the Book of Common Prayer. Moderate Protestantism became religion of England.

19. England gets its reformation on • Elizabeth tried to stop religious violence. • Catholic extremists wanted to replace Elizabeth with Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. • Puritans where Protestants who wanted to make Church of England pure of Pope. • Puritans worked to create independent presbyteries (Presbyterians) • Presbyters = council of church elders. • Extreme Puritans wanted no one to tell them what to do = Congregationalists.

20. England v. Spain • Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth for heresy in 1570. • Spain invading Netherlands worried England, they could invade England next. • England signed a mutual protection pact with France. (Balance of Power) • Sir Francis Drake and John Hawkins began robbing Spanish galleons (pirates!). • In 1585 Elizabeth signed the Treaty of Nonsuch. It provided English soldiers and cavalry to Netherlands. • Also she started openly supporting Henry Navarre in France (Protestant).

21. England v. Spain • Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots was executed by Elizabeth when a plot make her Queen of England was uncovered. • Mary was daughter of Mary of Guise. Catholic and had been raised primarily in France. • Execution of Catholic Mary = Spanish invasion of England. • 1587: Sir Francis Drake attacked Cadiz and Portugal. This pushed invasion back to 1588. • In May of 1588 Philip’s Armada left Spain with 130 ships and 25,000 men.

23. Tilbury Speech

24. Holy Roman Empire • 30 Years War 1618-1648 • Germany was 360 autonomous political entities. The Peace of Augsburg had given them religious and economic freedom. • There was increasing tension between Catholics, Calvinists and Lutherans. • Other European countries got involved on religious grounds.

25. Four Periods of the 30 yrs War • Bohemian 1618-1625 • New King of Bohemia is Catholic, Protestants not happy “defenestrate” his regents. “Defenestration of Prague” • Danish 1625-1629 • Lutheran Denmark invades HRE, is defeated • Swedish 1630-1635 • Lutheran Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden kicked Catholic butt, until he died on the battlefield. • Swedish-French 1635-1648 • French sent soldiers and money into HRE. French, Spanish and Swedish soldiers waged war all over the HRE, Looting and destroying.

26. 30 Years War • Killed 1/3 of German population, the worst catastrophe in Europe since the Black Death. • HRE was devastated and divided. • Started over religion but was really fought over greed and power. Ex. Albrecht of Wallenstein was Protestant, helped Catholics. • Treaty of Westphalia ended war in 1648

27. The Treaty of Westphalia • Written in French, not Latin. • Reasserted Peace of Augsburg, ruler of land determines religion. • Recognized Calvinism and legal religion. • Independence for Netherlands and Swiss. • Pope did not like it because it gave more legal status to Protestants. • France and Spain remained at war elsewhere until 1659.