POSH01 – SC850A RESEARCH PROJECT

1. POSH01 – SC850ARESEARCH PROJECT Student Name: Ir. CHAN Yiu-hon Supervisor Name: Dr. Kam Chi Kit, Charles Submission Date: 2 November 2003

2. Project Title ”The Exploration of the Determinants Leading to the Adoption of Safety Behavioural Intention of Registered Electrical Workers“

3. Background Over 42,000 buildings in Hong Kong Most of the fixed electrical installations in buildings are subject to a yearly or 5-yearly periodic test Newly constructed buildings, deliberated improvement, and renovation in existing buildings and units Risk of getting an electrical accident increases with longer exposure to hazardous electrical energy

4. -Body injury -Electrocution -Damage to properties - Loss of life Consequences of Electrical Accident Electric shock Explosion and subsequent fire

5. Safety Approaches Legislative Approach Electricity Ordinance - Electricity (Wiring) Regulations - Electricity (Registration) Regulations Factories and Industrial Undertaking Ordinance - Factories and Industrial Undertaking (Electricity) Regulations - Construction Sites (Safety) Regulations Occupational Safety and Health Ordinance Registration of Electrical Worker

6. Safety Communication Safety Promotion Safety Training and Education Occupational Safety Charter Safety Approaches Other Safety Approaches

7. Electrical Accident Statistic

8. Significance of the Research 88% of accident causation due to unsafe behaviour (Viner 1996)  96% of Dupont’s workplace accidents were due to unsafe behaviour rather than unsafe condition (Mcsween 1995)

9. Inadequacy of Existing Strategy Enforcement approach does not help to build up the safety behaviour of registered electrical workers Enforcement approach is becoming out-dated Fines for breaching the safety law are always low

10. What have been missed ? • The current strategy on occupational • safety in Hong Kong was not effective Electrical accidents still happen resulting from unsafe behaivour Unsafe behaivour could not be improved by law enforcement

11. Aims of this Project  To determine the key factors which are effective for changing the safety behaviour of registered electrical workers with a view to preventing electrical accidents from happening  To explore a multi-dimensional model that explains the causal relationships between the safety behaviour and the identified factors  To study the safety perceptions of register electrical workers by reference to the multi-dimensional safety behavioural model

12. Objectives of this Project To effectively reduce the recurrence of electrical accidents To improve: -the safety behaviour of registered electrical workers To assess: -the safety perceptions of registered electrical workers To reduce: -the turnover, absenteeism and errors

13. Literature Review Key Concepts of the Contemporary Theories, Approaches and Models have been Studied

14. What is Safety Bahaviour  “Behaviour” refers to actions by an individual that can be observed by others, it is what a person will do or say but not what the person’s thinking, feeling or belief. (Geller 1996)  “Behaviour” is the action(s) or reaction(s) of person or things under specified circumstances. (American Heritage Dictionary) Human behaviour is surely the most fascinating of all subjects matters….. It is the almost exclusive concern of the great literatures of the world. (Skinner 1968)

15. Why Interest in Behavioural Approach The application of behavioural research to the solution of human problems has been successful (Boyce et al. 2002) Behaviour-based safety has provided a platform for constructive debate and contributed significantly to the workplaces safety. (Geller 2002) The successful introduction of a behavioural safety process, focusing on identifying and reinforcing safe and reducing unsafe behaviour, is one means of improving safety performance. (Watson Walker 1997)

16. Psychological Theories Reviewed The following theories were reviewed: -Social Cognitive Theory - Health Belief Model - Theory of Reasoned Action/ Theory of Planned Behaviour

17. Summary of Key Concepts

18. Summary of Key Concepts

19. Key Factors

20. Research Method Design of Research Instrument (Questionnaire) Sampling Data Collection Validity Test Reliability Test Formulation of Research Hypothesis Hypothesis Model for Goodness of Fit Test

21. Design of Questionnaire Anonymous A questionnaire was designed based on the identified behavioural factors Questionnaire items were developed alongside the established inventories • Diagnostic Instruments for the Prevention of • Work Accidents (Melia 2003) • Safety Climate Assessment Toolkit • (Cox & Cheyne 2000) • Stress LessTM-Stress Assessment and • Personalized Program (SLI 2000)

22. Design of Questionnaire Simple words Six-point Likert-type response scale “0” - Never to “5” - Always “0” - None to “5” - Very High Translated into Chinese version -Language teacher -Site safety manager -Safety professional

23. Design of Questionnaire Part I & Part II : Demographic Data General & Job Description Part III : Safety Behaviour Related Questions  Past Experience Management Support Peer Support  Behavioural Intention  Safety Climate  Safety Environment

24. Questionnaire

25. Questionnaire

26. Questionnaire

27. Questionnaire

28. Questionnaire

29. Questionnaire

30. Recruitment of Participants andData Collection Registered electrical workers  Verbal explanation Completed questionnaire were returned by: -Dropping in the collection box - Mailing to the corresponding address - Facsimile to the designated number

31. - 65 questionnaires were collected - As 5 questionnaires were rejected - 60 successfully completed questionnaires were used -Validity test Data Collection Pilot Data Collection • By factor analysis

32. Validity Test for Pilot Data - Pattern Matrix showing the spread of 27 questionnaire items

33. Validity Test for Pilot Data -Pattern Matrix showing the spread of 26 questionnaire items

34. Reliability Test - An alpha coefficient of value equal to or higher than 0.7 indicates that the questionnaire items within each sub-scale of measure are highly consistency. (young 1996) - As all alpha coefficients were higher than 0.7, the consistency of the sub-scales was confirmed.

35. Modification of Questionnaire & Collecting Full Data Validity and reliability were established The questionnaire was modified Another survey was conducted 135 questionnaires were collected and 12 questionnaires were rejected 123 successfully completed questionnaires were used

36. Validity Test - Pattern Matrix showing the spread of 26 questionnaire items

37. Reliability Test - An alpha coefficient of value equal to or higher than 0.7 indicates that the questionnaire items within each sub-scale of measure are highly consistency. (young 1996) - As all alpha coefficients were higher than 0.7, the consistency of the sub-scales was confirmed.

38. Structural Equation Modeling The identified key factors (determinants) were put together into a conceptual model and to be tested by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)

39. Model Testing Formulation of Hypothesis Selection Model Fit Index Model Testing and Evaluation of Model’s “Goodness-of-Fit” Interpreting the Testing Result Discussion of Findings

40. Management Peer Safety Safety Support Support Climate Environment Past Behavioural Experience Intention The 6 Identified BehaviouralDeterminants

41. Management Peer Safety Safety Support Support Climate Environment 1 1 Social Safety Support Culture Past Behavioural Experience Intention Hypothesis Model

42. Management Peer Safety Safety Support Support Climate Environment 1 1 x Social Safety x Support Culture Past Behavioural Experience Intention Hypothesis Model

43. Management Peer Safety Safety Support Support Climate Environment 1 1 x Social Safety x Support Culture Past Behavioural Experience Intention Hypothesis Model

44. Minimum acceptable value for model fitness Model fit index Selection of Model Fit Index Relative chi-square, (Cmin/df) Goodness-of-fit index, (GFI) Adjusted goodness-of-fit index, (AGFI) Stability Index, (SI) < 5 GFI >= 0.9 AGFI >= 0.9 1 >= SI >= -1

45. c d b a 1 1 1 1 Management Peer Safety Safety Support Support Climate Environment 1 1 X Social Safety Support Culture X 1 1 g f Past Behavioural Experience Intention 1 1 h e Hypothesis Model

46. The model Cmin/df=3.177, GFI=.940, AGFI=0.90 SI = 0.134 a b d c .73 .15 .88 .43 mgtsupp Safeenvt safeclim peersupp .94 .65 .39 .86 .45 .29 Safety Social .52 Culture Support .52 g f .55 .05 .03 .31 passexpt Intent h e Output of the Model

47. Comparison of Model Fit Indexes The hypothesis safety perception model for registered electrical workers was accepted

48. 0.52 0.52 Discussion of Findings Observation 1. “Social Support” and “Safety Culture” are reciprocal behavioural determinants Social Support Safety Culture

49. 0.31 Discussion of Findings Observation 2. “Past Experience” is an essential element for determining the “Safety Behaviour” of registered electrical workers Past Experience Safety Behaviour

50. 0.55 Discussion of Findings Observation 3. “Safety Culture” is an essential element for sharpening the “Safety Behaviour” of registered electrical workers Safety Culture Safety Behaviour