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Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

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Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

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    1. Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

    2. Types of Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids (phospholipids) Proteins Nucleic Acids

    3. Polymers Covalent monomers Condensation reaction (dehydration reaction): One monomer provides a hydroxyl group while the other provides a hydrogen to form a water molecule Hydrolysis: bonds between monomers are broken by adding water (digestion)

    5. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides CH2O formula; multiple hydroxyl (-OH) groups and 1 carbonyl (C=O) group: Aldehyde sugar (aldose) Ketone sugar (ketose) Cellular Respiration; raw material for amino acids and fatty acids

    6. Linear and Ring Forms of Glucose

    7. Disaccharides glycosidic linkage (covalent bond) between 2 monosaccharides; covalent bond by dehydration reaction Sucrose most common disaccharide glucose + fructose

    8. Storage: Plants: starch (plastids) Animals: glycogen Structural: Plants: cellulose Animals: chitin

    9. Glycogen – branched structure

    10. Chitin structure

    11. Lipids No polymers; glycerol and fatty acid Fats, phospholipids, steroids Hydrophobic; H bonds in water exclude fats Carboxyl group = fatty acid Non-polar C-H bonds in fatty acid ‘tails’ Ester linkage: 3 fatty acids to 1 glycerol (dehydration formation) Triacyglycerol (triglyceride) Saturated vs. unsaturated fats; single vs. double bonds

    12. Lipids Diverse Hydrophobic Molecules Fats - store large amounts of energy, solid or oil - glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules Phospholipids - cell membranes - glycerol, 2 fatty acids and PO4 group Steroids - precurser to sex steroids, cell membranes - 4 fused carbon rings with functional groups

    24. Phospholipids 2 fatty acids instead of 3 (phosphate group) ‘Tails’ hydrophobic; ‘heads’ hydrophilic Micelle (phospholipid droplet in water) Bilayer (double layer);cell membranes

    25. Structure of a Phospholipid

    26. Steroids Lipids with 4 fused carbon rings E.g. cholesterol: cell membranes; precursor for other steroids (sex hormones); atherosclerosis

    27. Proteins Importance: Instrumental in nearly everything organisms do; 50% dry weight of cells; most structurally sophisticated molecules known Monomer: amino acids (there are 20) ~ Carboxyl (-COOH) group, amino group (NH2), variable group (R) Variable group (R) characteristics: polar (hydrophilic), nonpolar (hydrophobic), acidic or basic Three-dimensional shape (conformation) Polypeptides (dehydration reaction): peptide bonds~ covalent bond; carboxyl group to amino group (polar)

    31. Protein Structure

    32. Primary Structure Conformation: Linear structure Molecular Biology: each type of protein has a unique primary structure of amino acids Amino acid substitution hemoglobin; sickle-cell anemia

    33. Primary Structure of Proteins

    34. Secondary Structure Conformation: coils & folds (hydrogen bonds) Alpha Helix: coiling; keratin Pleated Sheet: parallel; silk

    35. Secondary Protein Structure

    36. Tertiary Structure Conformation: irregular contortions from R group bonding. Hydrophobic and v.d.w. disulfide bridges hydrogen bonds ionic bonds

    37. Tertiary Protein Structure

    38. Quaternary Structure Conformation: 2 or more polypeptide chains aggregated into 1 macromolecule e.g. collagen (connective tissue) E.g. hemoglobin

    39. Quaternary Protein Structure

    46. Spider Silk

    47. Spider silk is 5 times stronger than steel

    49. Prions

    50. Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) DNA->RNA->protein Polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotide): nitrogenous base pentose sugar phosphate group phosphodiester bond Nucleoside = base +sugar Nitrogenous bases: pyrimidines~cytosine, thymine, uracil purines~adenine, guanine

    52. Inheritance based on DNA replication H bonds - between paired bases van der Waals - between stacked bases A to T; C to G pairing Complementary

    53. The Double Helix

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